Trivalent-Cation-Substituted Calcium Oxyhydroxyapatite

Synthesis of stable oxy- and oxyhydroxyapatkes [(Ca,M)-Ap] was attempted by substitution of Ca²⁺ with M³⁺ (M = Al, Y) assuming the composition Ca_10-xM_x(PO₄)₆(OH)_2-xO_x. Yttrium-calcium oxyhydroxyapatite was successfully obtained. Its structure was analyzed and confirmed by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. Dielectric dispersion and absorption were not so distinct in (Ca,Y)-Ap as in hydroxyapatite (Ca-Ap). The ac electrical conductivity of (Ca_10-x,Y_x)-Ap was found to decrease with increasing x. These results are discussed in terms of a proposed charge transport mechanism.     

Isolated Operation of Power System in Complex Housing Supplied by Battery Energy Storage System and Fuel Cells

Fuel cells, as components of cogeneration systems and battery energy storage systems, can be used as power sources in an isolated power system in complex housing at times of blackout. This paper reports study results on such isolated power systems. Simulation models are developed and the results are compared with measured values of active power, reactive power, and voltage. Good agreement is obtained. In this analysis, it is found that there is a stability limit in such inverter power source operation. The stability limit is expressed by a short circuit power ratio that is similar to the one in conventional ac systems. Nonlinear load switching is also studied to demonstrate stable operation.     

一种新的处理非封闭图像表面的三维表面提取算法研究

对皮下组织表面 ,例如表皮·真皮组织交界面进行定性和定量的检测已经越来越成为医学、生物学等诸多学科中有关人体皮肤的课题中不可或缺的重要研究手段 在利用计算机自动检测皮下组织表面的过程中 ,涉及到的一个关键问题就是如何从图像中提取边界成分 动态边界模型 (snake)作为一种边界提取算法被广泛地应用于这类问题中 在这个算法的基础上 ,提出了可以从断层图像中将对象的三维表面提取出来的算法———动态开放表面模型 并应用此算法开发了一套皮下组织表面自动提取重建系统 通过对共焦点显微镜断层图像处理的实验 ,验证了本系统的实用性和可靠性     

On the controllability of delay-differential systems

The output controllability condition of the class of time-invariant multivariable linear delay-differential systems is investigated by using an algebraic approach. The controllability condition is given in terms of the kernel of a map, which determines the behaviour of output after time t = 0 due to input up to t?= 0. This kernel is then completely characterized by a module generated by the columns of a matrix directly computable from the system transfer function. It is shown that every reachable output of the system considered can be controlled to zero in finite time.

This paper is intended to form a part of the first stage in the development of an operator transfer function approach to the design of certain class of infinite dimensional systems which commonly occur in industry and other fields.     

Sugar and Cyclitol Determination in Vegetables by HPLC Using Postcolumn Fluorescent Derivatization

Nonreducing sugars such as sucrose, raffinose, myo-inositol, pinitol and galactinol were separated on a polyamine-bonded polymer gel (NH₂ type) column using acetonitrile-water as mobile phase. Sugars in the eluate were detected by periodate oxidation and the subsequent derivation of guanidine to fluorescent compounds. Detection limits were: sucrose 2.5, D-glucose 2.5 and pinitol 4 ng. This highly sensitive method was more accurate and rapid for determining sugar contents in immature soybean seeds, sweet corn kernels and chinese mustard leaves than the conventional method using refractive index detection. Also, this method reduced the injection volumes of extracts to the column and allowed to lengthen the column life.     

Relationship between the Local Structures of Titanium Oxide Photocatalysts and Their Reactivities in the NO Decomposition

The photocatalysts included titanium oxide were prepared by ion-exchange method and impregnating method, in which zeolites of different Si/Al ratios were used as supporters. Those photocatalysts by an ionexchange method in zeolite of low Si/Al ratio, exhibited high and unique photocatalytic reactivity for the direct decomposition of NO into N2, N2O and O2 at 275K. In situ photoluminescence, diffuse reflectance absorption,XAFS investigations indicated that the titanium oxide species are highly dispersed within the zeolite and exist in tetrahedral coordination when the titanium oxide species anchored in the zeolite of low Si/Al ratio. The charge transfer excited state of the highly dispersed titanium oxide species play a significant role in the decomposition of NO exhibrting a high selectivity for the formation of N2, while the catalysts involving the aggregated octahedrally coordinated titanium oxide species show a high selectivity to produce NiO, being similar to reactions on the powdered TiO2 catalysts.     

An approximate method of state estimation for non-linear dynamical systems with state-dependent noise†

In this paper a method of stochastic linearization is demonstrated for the purpose of establishing an approximate approach to solve filtering problems of non-linear stochastic systems with state-dependent noise in a Markovian framework.

The models of both the dynamical system and the observation process are described by non-linear stochastic differential equations of Itô type.

The principal line of attack is to expand the non-linear drift term into a certain linear function with coefficients which are determined under the minimal squared error criterion. Two methods of linearization are developed for the non-linear diffusion term. The linearized models are thus characterized by expansion coefficients dependent on both the state estimate and the error covariance.

A method is given for the simultaneous treatment of the approximate structure of state estimator dynamics and of the running evaluation of the error covariance, including quantitative aspects of sample path behaviours obtained by digital simulation studies.     

A Fast Display Method of Sky Colour Using Basis Functions

Computer graphics are being used for visual environmental assessment or architectural designs. Displaying the sky as a background is indispensable in generating photorealistic images for such applications. In this paper, we propose a fast display method of the sky colour by expressing the intensity distribution of the sky using basis functions, even if the sun position and/or the camera position are altered. In the proposed method, cosine functions are used as basis functions. The sun altitude is altered at certain intervals and the distributions of the sky colour for each sun altitude are precalculated and stored efficiently using basis functions. The colour of the sky in the view direction of an arbitrary sun position can be obtained from the stored distributions and displayed quickly. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Degradation of Oval-Filefish Meat Gel Caused by Myofibrillar Proteinase(s)

The textural degradation of oval-filefish meat gel accompanying the increase of peptides and the breakdown of myosin heavy chain was caused by proteinase(s) tightly associated with myofibrils. Leupeptin and n-butanol inhibited the proteolytic activity to some degree. The existence of an endogenous inhibitor for the proteolytic activity in the sarcoplasm was also demonstrated.     

The physicochemical characteristics of nonfat set yoghurt containing some hydrocolloids

The effect of incorporating the hydrocolloids carrageenan (0.10%, 0.30%), xanthan gum (0.15%, 0.35%) and alginate (0.05%, 0.15%) in nonfat set yoghurt was examined in respect of instrumental texture profile and water‐holding capacity (WHC) of the yoghurt. The yoghurts which exhibited the similar behaviour of commercial yoghurts in terms of WHC, firmness and consistency, low adhesiveness and gumminess were analysed by difference‐from‐control sensory test. Carrageenan increased firmness, adhesiveness, gumminess and WHC at the highest concentration tested. The sensory tests did not show any significant difference between the formulations tested.