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21.
The activation of oncogenes and the mutation/deletion of suppressor genes may be involved in tumor heterogeneity. In an attempt to study tumor heterogeneity, we transformed cell lines from epithelial (PAM 212), mesenchymal (NIH-3T3), or melanocytic origin (L-BIOBR) with the wild type E1a oncogene. To make the cell lines tumorigenic, cells were infected with Harvey sarcoma virus carrying the v-H-ras oncogene. The transformed cells were injected into nude mice and the tumors studied by optical and electron microscopy. The tumors formed by v-H-ras-transformed cells consisted of epitheliod melanomas, spindle cells sarcomas and poorly-differentiated carcinomas, depending on the cell of origin. In contrast, the tumors obtained from cells also carrying the E1a oncogene showed a predominant small and undifferentiated cell pattern regardless of the cell of origin. We conclude that the E1a oncogene products induce a negative control of differentiation, independent of the cell type, and that tumors formed by cells carrying the E1a oncogene display an undifferentiated cell pattern. 相似文献
22.
In large structures it is often necessary to estimate the reliability of the system by use of parallel systems. Optimality criteria-based algorithms for calculation of the joint design point in a parallel system are described and efficient active set strategies are developed. Three possible algorithms are tested in two examples against well-known general non-linear optimization algorithms. Especially one of the suggested algorithms seems to be stable and fast. 相似文献
23.
24.
Two different generators for ozone were tested, a traditional electrical discharge generator and a generator based upon UV–irradiation of air at 150–180 nm. It was demonstrated that the traditional generator gave slightly higher reductions in levels of color for equivalent ozone dosages. Both gases affected the molecular weight distribution in the way that the bigger molecules were broken down to smaller ones. No significant difference between the molecular weight reduction efficiency of the gases was found. 相似文献
25.
26.
The electrochemical behaviour of Cu-xZn alloys, as well as their constituent metals, in a borate buffer containing chloride ions in the molar range from 0.01 to 1 M are studied. Characteristics of these materials under anodic polarization are compared and the composition and morphology of the corrosion products formed in the course of polarization experiment are analysed by SEM and EDS. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance measurements are used for characterization of the surface layers formed on Cu, Zn and Cu-40Zn alloy during 2-h immersion at Eoc in a borate buffer containing two different concentrations of chloride ions. New aspects of the behaviour of brass under Eoc condition are revealed. The improved corrosion resistance of brass in chloride media, if compared to zinc metal, is attributed to a Cu-rich layer formed by the selective dissolution of zinc. Based on the results, a structural model describing the improved corrosion resistance of Cu-40Zn alloy with respect to Zn metal is proposed. 相似文献
27.
Summary
We report the synthesis of some new backbone fluorinated
polymers of the poly(phenylenevinylene) type. The new polymers
were characterised by NMR, SEC and X-ray powder diffraction. The
charge carrier mobilities were determined using pulse radiolysis
time resolved microwave conductivity (PR-TRMC) and the carrier
mobilities were compared to the similar non-fluorinated
analogues. The changes in charge carrier mobilities as a
function of molecular substitution pattern is discussed in terms
of other materials properties such as electronic structure and
absorption properties. The major result is that it was found
possible for this type of material to alter the electronic
energy levels by molecular substitution without imparting
significant changes in the magnitude of the charge carrier
mobilities and the optical properties. 相似文献
28.
Hofsajer I.W. Ferreira J.A. van Wyk J.D. Holm M.F.K. 《Industry Applications Magazine, IEEE》1995,1(5):24-29
In order to reduce the cost, size, and weight of power electronic systems, it has become necessary to integrate electromagnetic structures, which until now have been constructed with discrete components. This approach not only reduces the component count, but also gives much greater control over parasitic elements. In this article, the authors describe an electromagnetically integrated resistor-capacitor-diode (RCD) snubber/voltage clamp that uses a planar construction technique. The design and construction are described and the performance is verified experimentally. Some advantages of the integrated component over its discrete counterpart are also given 相似文献
29.
A. K. Dahle P. A. Tøndel C. J. Paradies L. Arnberg 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1996,27(8):2305-2313
The effect of grain refinement on the fluidity of AlSi7Mg and AlSi11Mg has been investigated by spiral tests. Two different
types of grain refiners have been evaluated. An AlTi5Bl master alloy was added to different Ti contents. Since the commercial
alloys had a high initial content of titanium, model alloys were made to investigate the fluidity at low grain refiner additions.
Commercial alloys grain refined only by boron additions have also been investigated. The results from the fluidity measurements
have been verified by measuring the dendrite coherency point of the different cast alloys. Although different, the two methods
show similar trends. The spirals from each fraction grain refiner cast were subsequently investigated metallographically at
the tip of the spirals and at a reference point a distance behind, but no obvious difference in structure was observed. For
both alloys, an increase in fluidity is observed as the content of grain refiner increases above 0.12 pct Ti, while the fluidity
is impaired with increased grain refinement below 0.12 pct Ti. The alloys grain refined with ~0.015 pct B show the highest
fraction solid at dendrite coherency, the smallest grain size, and the best fluidity. 相似文献
30.
W. Klas U. Herpers M. Reich R. Michel R. Droste R. Holm E.-M. Horn G. Müller 《工业材料与腐蚀》1991,42(11):570-575
The radiotracer technique as a means to investigate the corrosion of zirconium, tantalum, and a Ta-40Nb alloy in fluoride containing azeotropic nitric acid Zirconium and tantalum as well as the tantalum 40% niobium alloy are of considerable technical importance due to their high corrosion resistance against numerous corrosive media. With respect to corrosion testing in analytically pure azeotropic nitric acid in the temperature range between 20 and 121°C, corrosion rates were determined for zirconium: 7 · 10?6 to 5 · 10?4 mm/y, for tantalum: 10?8 to 4 · 10?6 mm/y, and for the Ta-40Nb alloy: 2 · 10?7 to 8 · 10?6 mm/y [1]. These corrosion rates will be markedly increased by adding small amounts of fluorides or by fluoride impurities. The radiotracer method after neutron activation was applied to determine the corrosion rates in azeotropic fluoride containing nitric acid. Even minute additions of fluorides strongly affect the corrosion resistance of zirconium. In the range between 0.15 and 10 ppm F? and at a temperature of 108°C, corrosion rates between 5.3 · 10?3 and 3.1 mm/y were measured. It was impossible to establish a limit for the fluoride concentration, below which the corrosion rate of zirconium will not be adversely influenced. The corrosion rates of tantalum and the Ta-40Nb alloy are considerably increasing above a fluoride concentration of 10 ppm. The highest corrosion rates measured were between 8.4 · 10?3 mm/y at 50°C/280 ppm F? and 1.4 · 10?2 mm/y at 110°C/320 ppm F?. Within the range of this investigation, the corrosion resistance of tantalum was higher than that of the Ta-40Nb alloy by one order of magnitude. The corrosion resistance of zirconium and tantalum was not influenced by any treatment of the samples before testing. 相似文献