Is urine leukocyte esterase test a useful screening method to predict Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women?

We evaluated the use of the leukocyte esterase test (LET) on first-catch urine specimens from women as a screening test to predict infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. For diagnosis, we used Abbott's ligase chain reaction (LCR) on urine specimens and isolation by tissue culture (TC) on cervical brushes. Of 4,053 women attending sexually transmitted disease and family planning clinics, 4.3% (n = 174) were positive by TC and 5.9% (n = 239) were positive by LCR. When LET was compared to TC, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 54.0, 67.0, 6.8, and 97.0%, respectively. The corresponding performance of LET versus LCR was 53.1, 67.3, 10.1, and 95.8%. Almost half of the laboratory-confirmed chlamydial infections were negative by LET. The low specificity probably reflects multiple causes of pyuria in women and results in a low positive predictive value. LET is neither sensitive nor specific as a predictor of chlamydial infection and cannot be recommended for use as a screening test for C. trachomatis with first-catch urine samples from females from low- or moderate-prevalence populations.     

Prednisolone therapy of idiopathic feline lower urinary tract disease: a double-blind clinical study

A double-blind clinical study was performed to evaluate prednisolone as treatment for idiopathic feline lower urinary tract disease. No differences in response were observed in prednisolone- and placebo-treated cats.     

The significance of spinal cord compression as the initial manifestation of lymphoma

Sex hormones have profound effects on immune responses and may influence the outcome of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated the effect of gonadal steroids on the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6, cytokines believed to be important in the pathogenesis of RA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from healthy male donors and male patients with RA, and were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of different concentrations of 17-beta-estradiol, progesterone or testosterone. In studies of cells from normal male donors, 17-beta-estradiol at pharmacological concentrations (> or = 10(-6) M) enhanced IL-1 and IL-6 secretion as well as the production of cell-associated IL-1. Progesterone and testosterone at similar concentrations inhibited IL-1 secretion but had no significant effect on IL-6 secretion or on the production of cell-associated IL-1. In studies of male RA donors, 17-beta-estradiol failed to enhance IL-1 or IL-6 secretion and progesterone failed to inhibit IL-1 secretion. The inhibitory effects of testosterone, however, appeared to be similar to that in normal donors. It is suggested that 17-beta-estradiol may promote IL-1 and IL-6 production and release, while gestation hormone, progesterone, and testosterone may inhibit IL-1 release in vivo. These data may partly explain the gender and age differences in the incidence of RA and the development of the disease in men with low and androgen levels.     

In vivo occupancy of the striatal dopamine uptake complex by various inhibitors does not predict their effects on locomotion

We have recently found that allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) can be used to treat lupus nephritis in NZB x NZW F1 (B/W F1) and BXSB mice. To elucidate why and how glomerular damage is repaired, serial renal biopsies were carried out using B/W F1 mice before, and after BMT. Donor-derived B cells and macrophages with normal functions developed two weeks after BMT, whereas donor-derived functional T cells were generated after seven weeks of BMT. Visceral epithelial cells as well as macrophages in the glomeruli were activated (probably by T cell-derived lymphokines) at this time; they showed marked phagocytic activity, resulting in clearance of immune complexes (ICs) and repair of damaged basement membranes. These results suggest that normal T cell functions, which have the capacity to activate macrophages and epithelial cells, are essential in repairing IC-mediated glomerular damage.     

Pancreatic function and congenital duodenal anomalies

Six children operated on for congenital anomalies of the duodenum were investigated to find out if pancreatic dysfunction was associated with the duodenal malformation, even in the absence of clinical evidence of pancreatic insufficiency. None of the children had diarrhea and none requested nutritional support. Pancreatic function was assessed by enzyme activities (lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin) bicarbonate and calcium measurements in pancreatic juice obtained through a nasoduodenal tube under stimulation by secretin and cerulein. Results showed no significant modification in hydro-electrolytic secretion, but impairment of enzymatic secretion was seen. The physiopathological relationship between duodenal anomalies and pancreatic dysfunction is discussed.     

TGF-beta mediated G1 arrest in a human melanoma cell line lacking p15INK4B: evidence for cooperation between p21Cip1/WAF1 and p27Kip1

We have studied TGF-beta mediated G1 arrest in WM35, an early stage human melanoma cell line. These cells have lost p15INK4B expression through loss of one chromosome 9 and rearrangement of the other. In asynchronously growing WM35, TGF-beta caused reductions in cyclin D1, cyclin A and cdk4 proteins and their associated kinase activities and an increase in both p21Cip1/WAF1 and p27Kip1. These findings were confirmed in cells released from quiescence in the presence of TGF-beta, in which TGF-beta inhibited or delayed the reduction in the cdk inhibitors that normally occurs in late G1. In contrast to observations in other cell types, there was an increased association of both p21Cip1/WAF1 and p27Kip1 with cyclin D1/cdk4 and with cyclin E/cdk2 during TGF-beta mediated arrest of asynchronously growing cells. Upregulation of p21Cip1/WAF1 preceded that of p27Kip1. Furthermore, p21Cip1/WAF1 and p27Kip1 were not present in the same cdk complexes but bound distinct populations of target cdk molecules. Both p21Cip1/WAF1 and p27Kip1 immunoprecipitates from asynchronously growing cells contained active kinase complexes. These KIP-associated kinase activities were reduced in TGF-beta arrested cells. It has been proposed that in TGF-beta arrested epithelial cells, up-regulation of p15INK4B and of p15INK4B binding to cdk4 serves to destabilize the association of p27Kip1 with cyclin D1/cdk4, promoting p27Kip1 binding and inhibition of cyclin E/cdk2. Our findings demonstrate that this is not a universal mechanism of G1 arrest by TGF-beta. In TGF-beta arrested WM35, which lack p15INK4B, the increased p21Cip1/WAF1 may serve a similar function to that of p15INK4B: initiating kinase inhibition and providing an additional mechanism to supplement the effect of p27Kip1 on G1 cyclin/cdks.     

Placental and fetal cardiac laminin are targets for cross-reacting autoantibodies from mothers of children with congenital heart block

The association of congenital heart block (CHB) with maternal autoantibodies to the Ro and La ribonucleoprotein antigens may be due to cross-reactions between maternal anti-La antibodies and fetal cardiac specific antigens. One of the major components of cardiac myocytes, laminin, is accessible for binding by maternal autoantibodies and we have previously reported cross-reactivity of mouse laminin with anti-La antibodies affinity purified from the sera of patients with primary Sj?gren's syndrome. Affinity purified anti-La antibodies from ten women who had at some time given birth to a child with CHB were examined for cross-reactivity with human placental laminin, which shares structural similarities with cardiac laminin. All ten anti-La antibodies bound to the surface of cryosections of normal full term placental trophoblasts. Binding could be inhibited by pre-incubation of antibodies with either La or placental laminin. Eight anti-La antibodies also reacted with placental laminin by ELISA and La inhibited up to 82% of binding to laminin while laminin inhibited up to 85% of binding to La in a dose dependent manner. Eight anti-La antibodies also bound to the surface of fetal cardiac myocytes at 10.3 weeks of gestation and five showed lower levels of reactivity with the surface of fetal cardiac myocytes at 16.5 weeks of gestation. None showed any surface staining of normal adult heart. These data confirm the cross-reactivity of anti-La antibodies with laminin and may support a placental role in preventing the majority of potentially pathogenic antibodies from reaching the fetal circulation.     

Pathogenesis of malignant ascites formation: initiating events that lead to fluid accumulation

Initiating events leading to the accumulation of malignant ascites in the peritoneal cavity were investigated in two syngeneic transplantable murine ascites-producing tumors, MOT mouse ovarian tumor and the TA3/St mammary carcinoma. The transport of two tracers, 125I-labeled human serum albumin (125I-HSA) and 51Cr-labeled red blood cells (51Cr-RBC), into and out of the peritoneal cavity was studied at early times after i.p. tumor cell injection, prior to abundant fluid accumulation, and at intervals of 5 to 360 min after i.v. or i.p. tracer injection. Tracer influx and efflux rates were estimated from the mass of tracer passing into or out of the peritoneal cavity following a bolus injection of tracer into either the blood or the peritoneal cavity. Efflux of 125I-HSA from the peritoneal cavity was markedly reduced (3- to 5-fold) within 1 day of i.p. injection of either type of tumor cell. Significantly reduced efflux preceded any increase in tumor cell number and by itself did not induce peritoneal fluid accumulation. 125I-HSA tracer influx from plasma to peritoneal fluid did not increase detectably until 5 to 7 days after tumor cell injection, when the tumor cell number had increased by 10- to 100-fold. Only at relatively late stages of ascites tumor growth, when the flow rate into the peritoneal cavity had increased relative to the flow rate out of the peritoneum, was there net peritoneal fluid accumulation. Thus, increased influx, in addition to impaired efflux, were required for malignant ascites accumulation. Following i.p. injection, the efflux rates of 125I-HSA always exceeded those of 51Cr-RBC, even in ascites tumor-bearing animals. Furthermore, 125I-HSA tracer disappeared from the peritoneal cavity more rapidly than it appeared in the plasma, suggesting that 125I-HSA moves more rapidly through the channels by which 51Cr-RBC egress from the peritoneum (primarily diaphragmatic lymphatics) and/or has access to additional pathways not open to 51Cr-RBC. Finally, flow rates into and out of the blood and peritoneum were used to obtain kinetic parameters that characterized tracer transport: k1, the rate constant for tracer transport from the blood to the peritoneum; k2, the rate constant for tracer transport from the peritoneal cavity to the blood; and k6, the rate constant for tracer transport from the peritoneal cavity to surrounding interstitial tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)