Analysis of the Safety of the Burial Grounds of Decontamination Waste of Chernobyl Origin in the Territory of Belarus

Unsatisfactory conditions of storage of decontamination waste (DW) in the storages formed in the territory of Belarus after the Chernobyl accident require the evaluation of the level of protection of the environment and population. The potential hazard of the decontamination waste burial grounds (DWBGs) has been evaluated based on the use of a generalized multichamber model that was verified by comparing the calculation results and the results obtained by the American (GW SCREEN) model. The characteristics of the 24 largest and most hazardous DWBGs are given and the evaluations of their safety are presented. The zones of influence of these storages, whose size varies from 100 to 330 m, have been determined. The reliability of the prediction evaluation of a possible hazardous radioactive contamination of water near the storages has been verified using the Dudichi DWBG as an example.     

New approach to modelling a flat plate collector: the Fourier transform technique

The efficiency of a flat plate collector is estimated. The transfer of heat energy through its absorber plate considered as its main part of structure is studied by solving the heat diffusion equation using the Fourier transform technique. The temperature of the working fluid is also obtained considering the heat balance equation and a simple suggested model for the considered collector. An expression useful for practical purposes to predict the hourly global solar irradiance on horizontal surface is given. It shows good fitting with corresponding experimental data recorded in Makkah, Jeddah and Hong Kong. The obtained formula is used in the theoretical analysis of the present heating problem. The trial is promising and shows that the dependence of the efficiency on the revealed factors is nonlinear.     

Analysis of a dynamically wavelength-routed optical burst switchednetwork architecture

The concept of optical burst switching (OBS) aims to allow access to optical bandwidth in dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) networks at fractions of the optical line rate to improve bandwidth utilization efficiency. This paper studies an alternative network architecture combining OBS with dynamic wavelength allocation under fast circuit switching to provide a scalable optical architecture with a guaranteed QoS in the presence of dynamic and bursty traffic loads. In the proposed architecture, all processing and buffering are concentrated at the network edge and bursts are routed over an optical transport core using dynamic wavelength assignment. It is assumed that there are no buffers or wavelength conversion in core nodes and that fast tuneable laser sources are used in the edge routers. This eliminates the forwarding bottleneck of electronic routers in DWDM networks for terabit-per-second throughput and guarantees forwarding with predefined delay at the edge and latency due only to propagation time in the core. The edge burst aggregation mechanisms are evaluated for a range of traffic statistics to identify their impact on the allowable burst lengths, required buffer size and achievable edge delays. Bandwidth utilization and wavelength reuse are introduced as new parameters characterizing the network performance in the case of dynamic wavelength allocation. Based on an analytical model, upper bounds for these parameters are derived to quantify the advantages of wavelength channel reuse, including the influence of the signaling round-trip time required for lightpath reservation. The results allow to quantify the operational gain achievable with fast wavelength switching compared to quasistatic wavelength-routed optical networks and can be applied to the design of future optical network architectures     

Present and preferred housing of one-personhouseholds in the Netherlands, 1998

The number of never-married and divorcedpersons living in one-person households willcontinue to increase strongly. The presenthousing stock shows different housingcharacteristics for highly urbanized and lessurbanized areas. There are differences inowner-occupancy, the share of one-familyhouses, the average number of rooms, and houseprices in the present and the preferreddistribution of these characteristics forone-person households. One-person householdscannot be treated as a single group. Severalgroups must be distinguished, each with its ownpreferences and perspectives. Solutions for thegap between present and preferred housing couldbe found in promoting mobility in the housingmarket and adequate new construction.     

A study on time schemes for DRBEM analysis of elastic impact wave

 The precise integration and differential quadrature methods are two new unconditionally stable numerical schemes to approximate time derivative with more than the second order accuracy. Recent studies showed that compared with the Houbolt and Newmark methods, they produced more accurate solutions with large time step for the problems where response is primarily dominated by low and intermediate frequency modes. This paper aims to investigate these time schemes in the context of the dual reciprocity BEM (DRBEM) formulation of various shock-excited scalar elastic wave problems, where high modes have important affect on traction response. The Houbolt method was widely recommended in many literatures for such DRBEM dynamic formulations. However, this study found that the damped Newmark algorithm was the most efficient and accurate for impact traction analysis in conjunction with the DRBEM. The precise integration and differential quadrature methods are shown inapplicable for such shock-excited problems due to the absence of numerical damping. On the other hand, we also found that to achieve the same order of accuracy, the differential quadrature method required much less computing effort than the precise integration method due to the use of the Bartels–Stewart algorithm solving the resulting Lyapunov matrix analogization equation. Received 6 November 2000     

The ponding problem on elastic membranes: an analog equation solution

 In this paper, the nonlinear response of elastic membranes with arbitrary shape under partial and full ponding loads has been analyzed. Large deflections are considered, which result from nonlinear kinematic relations. The problem is formulated in terms of the displacements components and the three coupled nonlinear governing equations are solved using the analog equation method (AEM). The membrane may be prestressed either by prescribed boundary displacements or tractions. Using the concept of the analog equation the three coupled nonlinear equations are replaced by three uncoupled Poisson's equations with fictitious sources under the same boundary conditions. Subsequently, the fictitious sources are established using a procedure based on the BEM and the displacement components as well as the stress resultants at any point of the membrane are evaluated from their integral representations. In addition to the geometrical nonlinearity, the ponding problem is itself nonlinear, because the ponding load depends on the deflection surface that it produces. Iterative schemes are developed which converge to the equilibrium state of the membrane under the ponding loads. Several membranes are analyzed which illustrate the method and demonstrate its efficiency and accuracy. The method has all the advantages of the pure BEM, since the discretization and integration is limited only to the boundary. Received 28 July 2001     

CD Moisture Profile Disturbances in Tissue Production - Their Origins and possible Control

The origins of poor CD (cross machine) moisture profiles In tissue production are discussed generally. CD line force distribution at the first and second presser roll has a significant influence on the CD moisture profile. The crowning of cylinder and presser rolls compensates for the deformation of the Yankee cylinder shell (due to nip load, internal steam pressure and hood operating conditions) and of the presser rolls but only for any one given operating condition. However, during operation the parameters often have to be varied. in a sensitivity analysis the resulting CD line force deviations were calculated and typical figures are given here to demonstrate the relative effect. The shape of the resulting line load curves are drawn and from these the typical shape of the resulting CD moisture- profile can be derived. Means for possible control such as controllable presser rolls, sectionally adjustable hoods and steam boxes as well as eddy current and infra-red -heating are discussed and evaluated.     

Electroplating of nickel-cadmium alloys from alkaline solutions

The electroplating of Ni-Cd alloy coatings was carried out from alkaline baths (pH 10). For comparison, electroplating of the parent metals, Ni and Cd, was performed individually under the same conditions. The cathodic current efficiency for codeposition was high and decreased with increasing current density. The codeposition process is an anomalous type of plating with Cd being the preferentially deposited metal. The Ni content in the deposits increased with increasing current density. This increase in Ni content improves the corrosion resistance and microhardness of the deposits. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the deposits consist of a mixture of Ni, β, γ, γ¹ phases.