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51.
Ahoefa Agbagla‐Dohnani Agns Cornu Pierre Nozire Jean‐Michel Besle Jean‐Pierre Dulphy Michel Doreau Elisabeth Grenet 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》2003,83(5):383-394
The chemical composition, intake, digestibility, ultrastructure and microbial degradation of rice straw from Camargue were compared with barley straw. These variables were observed in two different herbivore digestive ecosystems: the sheep rumen and the donkey caecum. The two straws differed essentially in their ash content, which was three times higher in rice, owing to its silica content. Other chemical components were comparable, except a higher phenolic acids‐to‐lignin ratio in rice. Rice straw was better ingested than barley straw. Organic matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibilities were the same in both straws. Dry matter and cell wall disappearances could be adjusted to the exponential modelling equation with lag time, and differed between animals but not between straws. The sheep rumen had a higher extent of degradation, but the donkey caecum had a higher degradation rate. Statistical analysis revealed that cell‐wall components degradation was similar in the two straws except for ferulic acid, which was more degraded in rice straw. Scanning electron microscopy showed important differences in parenchyma degradation, which was much more effective in rice. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
52.
Abdenabi Belhadj Pierre Audren Christian Vuchener Joseph Paugam Jean-Michel Dumas 《电信纪事》1990,45(11-12):585-590
The telecommunication systems require introduction of high performance devices especially for microwave applications. The emergence of molecular beam epitaxy as a growth technique allows the fabrication of heterostructure-based performing devices. Thus, this communication will focus on the reliability of technologies used for the development of field effect transistor using heterostructures and called HEMT (high electron mobility transistor). 相似文献
53.
54.
We present a theoretical and experimental study of laser diodes under strong sinusoidal current modulation. Situations where the diodes are biased above threshold are considered. The first part describes different behaviors occurring under strong modulation. The GaAs lasers are compared to the InGaAsP lasers. The major result of numerical calculations shows that the existence of anomalous behaviors (period doubling, chaos,...) can be predicted from the weak-signal response of the laser. In a second part, we report on the expérimentais results obtained with an InGaAsP laser at 1.3 µ.m and their comparison with the theoretical calculations from a rate equation model. This kind of laser does not exhibit any anomalous behaviour under strong modulation, but distorsion effects occur. The calculated spectra of the laser intensity are in excellent agreement with measurements, which validates both the use of the rate equation model and the choice of the laser-parameters. In contrast, the spectral analysis at the optical frequency shows that the optical phase-equation previously used by many authors is uncomplete and that longitudinal and/or transversal variations of the α-factor have to be taken into account. 相似文献
55.
Imène Lahouij Fabrice Dassenoy Ludvig de Knoop Jean-Michel Martin Béatrice Vacher 《Tribology Letters》2011,42(2):133-140
Inorganic fullerene-(IF)-like nanoparticles made of metal dichalcogenides (IF-MoS2, IF-WS2) have been known to be effective as anti-wear and friction modifier additives under boundary lubrication. The lubrication
mechanism of these nanoparticles has been widely investigated in the past and even if the exfoliation and third body transfer
of molecular sheets onto the asperities constitute the prevalent mechanism for the improved tribological behavior of IF nanoparticles,
it has also been suggested that a rolling friction process could also play a role for well crystallized and spherical particles.
In this study, in situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) observations of the behavior of single IF-MoS2 nanoparticles were conducted using a sample holder that combines TEM and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) which simultaneously
can apply normal and shear loads. It was shown that depending on the test conditions, either a rolling process or a sliding
of the fullerenes could be possible. These in situ TEM observations are the first carried out with IF nanoparticles. 相似文献
56.
The phase separation of different in-situ semi-1 interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) based on polyurethane and polystyrene has been followed by light transmission. The effect of the presence ab initio of small amounts of homopolystyrene in the initial reaction mixture on the phase separation process has also been examined. If gelation of the polyurethane occurs before the onset of phase separation, the latter is impeded or strongly limited, and transparent semi-1 IPNs are obtained. In the opposite case, phase separation is macroscopic and the material is turbid. 相似文献
57.
Multifractal functions are widely used to model irregular signals such as turbulence, data stream or road traffic. Here, we
consider multifractal functions defined as lacunar wavelet series observed in a white noise model. These random functions
are statistically characterized by two parameters. The first parameter governs the intensity of the wavelet coefficients while
the second one governs its sparsity. We construct estimators of these two parameters and discuss statistical properties of
this important model: the rate of the Fisher information and a testing procedure to check the multifractal feature of an observed
noisy signal.
相似文献
58.
This paper surveys problems related to achieving agreement in distributed systems. Various agreement problems can be specified as a variant of the basic consensus problem. Unfortunately, this fundamental problem cannot be solved in asynchronous systems if crash failures can occur. In order to overcome this impossibility result, Chandra and Toueg have augmented the asynchronous system model with the notion of failure detectors. A failure detector is associated with each process of the distributed computation and is responsible for detecting external failures. Suspicions are essentially implemented using time-out mechanisms, which means that (1) the detection of a real failure is usually delayed and (2) a failure detector can make mistakes by incorrectly suspecting a process to have crashed. In this paper, various classes of failure detectors are presented. All are specified by a completeness property and an accuracy property. A completeness property puts a condition on the detection of crashed processes, while an accuracy property restricts the possible mistakes made by a failure detector. After reviewing the hierarchy of failure detector classes, two particular solutions to the consensus problem are examined. In each case, a different class of failure detectors is used. The proposed solutions have liveness properties and deliver their expected results provided that a minimal set of well-defined conditions is satisfied. After a detailed presentation of the consensus problem, various agreement problems are reviewed and their relationship with the consensus problem are underlined. Finally, for each agreement problem, we indicate under which minimum assumptions a solution can be found. 相似文献
59.
Jean-Michel Autebert 《Theoretical computer science》1979,8(3):395-399
La famille des langages déterministes constitue un cylindre non principal. Nous redémontrons ce résultat de S.A. Greibach en décrivant cette famille comme l'union d'une infinité de cylindres emboîtés qui constituent une hiérarchie stricte, chacun d'entre eux étant ici un cylindre principal. 相似文献
60.
The purpose of this synthetic article is to show how the electron beam testing technique of prototype integrated circuits after a first run has now reached maturity. Firstly the physics of measurement has been the subject of many improvements which means that results, both more reliable and more precise (in voltage and in time) can be obtained more quickly. Moreover this improved performance has led to the development of fully comprehensive diagnosis stations so ergonomic that the user forgets his scanning electron microscope, stations which become the final link in the chain of computer aided design. 相似文献