Similarities and differences in four views of David.

In this article, each author gives a brief comment on similarities he or she sees throughout the case formulations captured in the articles by Watson (2010a), Silberschatz (2010), Goldfried (2010), and Caspar (2010). A systematic comparison is added. Overall, the impression is confirmed and maintained that if authors are ready to renounce the use of the jargon of their specific approach, many similarities can be found. There are nevertheless differences that would lead us to expect a different course of therapy and different effects beyond the main effect of recovery in the case of David, pursuing the conceptualization and interventions proposed by Watson (2010b). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Case formulation in EFT.

A case formulation, for a client with depression, based on emotion-focused therapy treatment principles will be presented. The client was seen for 16 sessions in emotion-focused therapy. Based on information provided in the first interview, the therapist discusses how the client’s issues can be formulated in an emotion-focused treatment by attending to different process markers, including markers of characteristic styles of being or ways of treating the self and emotional experience; modes of engagement or ways that emotional experience is processed in terms of whether it is overregulated or underregulated; specific in-session tasks like focusing, two-chair or empty chair work; and micromarkers of nonverbal behaviors including vocal quality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

G. Stanley Hall's Contribution to Science, Practice and Policy: The Child Study, Parent Education, and Child Welfare Movements.

G. Stanley Hall influenced several social movements that had great implications for child wellbeing: the Child Study, Parent Education, and Child Welfare Movements. However, while Hall laid much of the foundation for the field of scientific child study and policy-relevant research, his legacy is virtually nonexistent. The current article reviews the life and contributions of G. Stanley Hall, and the dual role Hall played in history as a revered leader of the Child Study Movement and a controversial figure in the landscape of early child psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Chromatographic detection using tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) as a fluorogenic electron-transfer reagent

Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium can be excited to fluorescence by visible light (lambda abs 454 nm, lambda em 607 nm) when in the M(II) oxidation state, but not in the M(III) state. A novel chromatographic detection method using the non-fluorescent M(III) form of the complex as a postcolumn fluorogenic reagent is demonstrated. The M(III) form is a powerful oxidizing agent (E degree = 1.27 V vs NHE, 1.05 V vs Ag/AgCl). The M(III) reagent is generated on-line from the M(II) form of the complex by a highly efficient porous carbon electrode and then reacted briefly with chromatographic effluent; the M(II) created by electron transfer from oxidation-susceptible analytes is then detected by fluorescence. The fluorescence detector can be calibrated for number of electrons transferred by injection of either M(II) or an oxidative standard such as ferrocyanide. It is hoped that this redox-based detection scheme will provide an alternative to electrochemical detection. Among the advantages are freedom from surface fouling and the potential for extremely low detection limits. The scheme was applied to detection of the peptide dynorphin A and several of its fragments. Dynorphin A contains tyrosine at the N-terminus (position 1) and tryptophan in position 15; these amino acid residues are susceptible to oxidation and peptides containing them can be detected on that basis. Flow injection testing of the model compounds Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu and Gly-Gly-Trp-Gly indicated that tyrosine transferred approximately 1 electron to the M(III) reagent and that tryptophan transferred approximately 4 electrons. Similar results were obtained from the chromatographic runs. Dynorphin A and six dynorphin A fragments containing the N-terminal tyrosine were detected easily at 100 nM concentration (14 pmol) using laser-induced fluorescence. As expected, one fragment that did not contain tryptophan or tyrosine was not detected. A mass detection limit of 80 fmol was estimated for the tyrosine-containing fragments.     

Pathways to change in the psychotherapy of depression: Relating process to session change and outcome.

Identified a pathway from in-session process, and problem resolution, to post-session change and final outcome. Two brief treatments for depression, one using client-centered (CC) and the other process-experiential (PE) interventions, were compared on client process and outcome. The PE group showed significantly higher levels of experiencing, vocal quality and expressive stance, and greater problem resolution than the CC group in 2 of 3 PE interventions studied. Ss' degree of problem resolution correlated significantly with depth of experiencing, and sustained resolution over treatment resulted in better outcome. Ss' task-specific post-session change scores correlated significantly with change in depression post-therapy and 6 mo later, indicating that repeated post-session change is related to reduction in symptomatology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Tracing post-limit-point paths with reduced basis technique

A reduced basis technique and a problem-adaptive computational algorithm are presented for predicting the post-limit-point paths of structures. In the proposed approach the structure is discretized by using displacement finite element models. The nodal displacement vector is expressed as a linear combination of a small number of vectors and a Rayleigh-Ritz technique is used to approximate the finite element equations by a small system of nonlinear algebraic equations.To circumvent the difficulties associated with the singularity of the stiffness matrix at limit points, a constraint equation, defining a generalized arc-length in the solution space, is added to the system of nonlinear algebraic equations and the Rayleigh-Ritz approximation functions (or basis vectors) are chosen to consist of a nonlinear solution of the discretized structure and its various order derivatives with respect to the generalized arc-length. The potential of the proposed approach and its advantages over the reduced basis-load control technique are outlined. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by means of numerical examples of structural problems with snap-through and snap-back phenomena.     

Age differences in the control of acquired fear by tone.

Administered 10 inescapable shocks to 38 male Holtzman infant and adult albino rats in the presence of a 450-cps tone (CS) while Ss were confined in 1 compartment of a double-compartment shuttle box. Each S subsequently received 20 4-min trials (without shocks) in which a 230-, 450-, or 1000-cps tone, or no-tone, was made contingent upon S's presence in the former shock (fear) compartment. 8 Ss served as controls. Time spent avoiding the fear compartment during the various tone conditions revealed a steeper group gradient for pups than for adults, although mean avoidance of the CS condition was comparable for both groups. Individual stimulus generalization gradients were observed in 8 of 10 infants and 2 of 10 adults. Data are discussed in relation to the nature of maturational experience. (French summary) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)