Fluorine containing self‐crosslinking acrylic latexes with reduced flammability and their application as polymer binders for heterogeneous cation‐exchange membranes

In this study, self‐crosslinking core–shell latexes comprising copolymerized perfluorethyl groups and a novel flame retardant based on phosphazene derivative were prepared by the semi‐continuous non‐seeded emulsion polymerization of 2,2,2‐trifluorethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, and hexaallylamino‐cyclo‐triphosphazene as main monomers. For interfacial crosslinking, diacetone acrylamide was copolymerized into the shell layer of latex particles to provide sites for subsequent reaction with adipic acid dihydrazide. The heterogeneous cation‐exchange membranes were obtained by dispersing commercial strong acid cation‐exchange resin powder in the latex binder and casting the mixture followed by keto‐hydrazide crosslinking reaction. It was found that the increased concentration of fluorine atoms and phosphazene units in the macromolecular structure of interfacially crosslinked emulsion polymers resulted in a significant enhancement of their flame resistance and shape stability in aqueous environment. Moreover, the easily prepared heterogeneous cation‐exchange membranes based on latexes with higher amounts of fluorine and phosphazene units were shown to exhibit satisfactory physicochemical and electrochemical properties. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45467.     

Prediction of Speech Quality Based on Resilient Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network

The paper presents a system for monitoring and assessment the speech quality in the IP telephony infrastructures using modular probes. The probes are placed at key nodes in the network where aggregating packet loss data. The system dynamically measures speech quality and results are collected on a central server. For data analysis we applied four-state Markov model for modeling the impact of network impairments on speech quality, afterwards, the resilient back propagation (Rprop) algorithm was used to train a neural network. Information about the speech quality are displayed in the form of automatically generated graphs and tables. The proposed solution has been tested with selected codecs and further generalizes the already presented concepts of the speech quality estimation in the IP environment.

     

Problem of the reference height of the projectile trajectory as a reduced meteo-ballistic weighting factor

This paper deals with the issue of preparation of the aiming angles with the use of tabular firing tables and needed determination of the ballistic elements μB （ballistic wind wB Wxm WzB, ballistic （virtual） temperature τB, ballistic density ρB） from the standardized met messages. The weighting factors are used for the calculation of ballistic elementsμB that are incorporated into the trajectory calculations characteristics of weapon and ammunition. Two different methodologies practically used in the praxis are analysed and compared. For the comparison of the two methodologies the reference height of trajectory determined from the weighting factor functions is employed. On the basis of the analyses conducted, the potential for further increase in accuracy of these aiming angles preparation methods is pointed out.     

Untersuchung der thermisch‐hygrischen Eigenschaften von Ziegeln mit Hohlraumfüllung aus Recyclingmaterial

Investigation on the thermal‐hygral behaniour of bricks with canity filling by recycling meterials. In the investigation project was examined whether bricks with simple cavity structure have a higher heat resistance by use of a heat insulation material filling in the cavities. The insulation material is a recycled product made of polystyrene and wood covered and bonded with cement. The influence of the configuration and thickness of the perforated bricks with vertical perforations and the geometry of the cavities of the brick on the thermal moisture states was evaluated. For investigation of the thermal resistance and the heat transmission coefficients were used the simulation program THERM, that considered the heat transportation through conduction in the brick fragments and the transport mechanisms conduction, convection and radiation in the airfilled cavities. The software package WUFI 2D was employed for the investigation of moisture transfer in the bricks. The investigations showed that the composite brick insulation stone has a thermal resistance twice as high as the initial brick. The moisture states can be partially in the brick more than 80 % humidity. This load is estimated as uncritical because the wooden particles are covered with cement slime.     

Firefly luciferase produces hydrogen peroxide as a coproduct in dehydroluciferyl adenylate formation

Firefly luciferase catalyzes the synthesis of H2O2 from the same substrates as the bioluminescence reaction: ATP and luciferin (D-LH2). About 80% of the enzyme-bound intermediate D-luciferyl adenylate (D-LH2-AMP) is oxidized into oxyluciferin, and a photon is emitted during this reaction. The enzyme pathway responsible for the generation of H2O2 is a side reaction in which D-LH2-AMP is oxidized into dehydroluciferyl adenylate (L-AMP). Like the bioluminescence reaction, the luciferase-catalyzed synthesis of H2O2 and L-AMP is a stereospecific process, involving only the natural D enantiomer. However, the intramolecular electron transfer postulated as essential to the light emission process is not involved in this side reaction.     

Non-destructive Real Time Monitoring of the Laser Welding Process

Laser welding is a high power density technology of materials joining that has many advantages in comparison with conventional fusion welding methods, for example, high accuracy, flexibility, repeatability and especially very narrow heat-affected zone which results in minimal workpiece distortions. Since it is still quite expensive technology, minimal spoilage is required. Effective system of quality control and processing parameters optimization must be established to reduce total costs, which is particularly required in industrial production. In this article some results of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding process monitoring based on the measurement of plasma electron temperature are presented. The ability of designed sensor to detect weld penetration depth has been demonstrated. Plasma spectral lines intensities measurement can discover gap instabilities as well as local sheet thickness reduction.     

Flow patterns and velocity fields in two-dimensional thin slice panel with flow-corrective insert

An experimental two-dimensional (2-D) thin slice panel for studying flow patterns of fine silica sand was designed and manufactured. As supplier of sand was not known at that time, flow properties of the silica sand were assessed without shear tests. A preliminary design of plane-flow hopper of the experimental 2-D panel was assumed to be close to the mass flow conditions. Sand was circulated in the experimental panel to study the steady state flow. Tests of flow patterns suggested typical funnel-flow patterns with stagnant zones in the hopper and in the vertical part of the panel. Stagnant zones near the bottom of the hopper indicated insufficient width of the hopper outlet. Shear tests for estimation of flow properties of silica sand were carried out additionally and two methods of how to transform the funnel flow of sand to the mass flow were followed up; (a) existing 2-D panel was retrofitted with flow-corrective element, and (b) the width of outlet in existing experimental panel was widen into the size, calculated according to mass flow conditions. Both modifications were proven to be successful and the last-in first-out funnel flow was transformed into first-in first-out mass flow of sand. Velocities of individual tracer particles were measured during mass flow and velocity field was evaluated. Velocity profile of particles in the vicinity of flow-corrective insert was studied in detail.     

Modelling and simulation of heat transfer by convection in aerogel treated nonwovens

Simulation and numerical modeling are becoming increasingly popular due to the ability to seek solutions for a problem without undertaking real-life experiments. For the problems of heat transfer, these techniques to generate relevant data by incorporating different changes to the input parameters. Heat transfer property of textile materials is a major concern since it influences comfort properties of clothing. In this paper, numerical simulation was applied to evaluate the heat flux, temperature distributions, and convective heat transfer coefficients of the fibrous insulating materials treated with aerogel. The computational model simulated the insulation behavior of nonwoven fabrics without and with aerogel. Ansys and Comsol were used to model and simulate heat transfer. The simulation was performed assuming laminar flow and since the Mach number was < 0.3, the compressible flow model with Mach number < 0.3 was used. The results of simulation were correlated to experimental measurements for validation. Furthermore, aerogel-treated fabric samples showed better thermal performance. Using this model, the heat transfer properties of the nonwoven fabrics treated with aerogel can be optimized further.     

Editorial

This editorial provides an overview of a special issue dedicated to the 7th conference on Process Integration, Modeling and Optimization for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction—PRES 2004. Eight papers have been selected and peer-reviewed covering various subjects of heat transfer engineering, focusing on the recent development of various features of heat transfer equipment design and optimization. This is the fourth special issue of Heat Transfer Engineering dedicated to selected contributions from PRES conferences [1 Kleme?, J. and Stehlík, P. Heat Transfer Engineering. PRES Conference—Challenges in Complex Process Heat Transfer. vol. 23, pp.1–2. no. 6 [Google Scholar], 2 Stehlík, P. and Kleme?, J. Heat Transfer Engineering. Selected Papers from the PRES 2002 Conference. vol. 25, pp.1–3. no. 5 [Google Scholar], 3 Kleme?, J. and Stehlík, P. Heat Transfer Engineering. Selected Papers from the PRES 2003 Conference. vol. 26, pp.1–3. no. 5 [Google Scholar]].