A Study of an FDTD‐Based Frequency‐Dependent Line Model for Electromagnetic Transient Simulations

Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations of power systems require accurate representation of models in a wide range of frequencies. This of course applies to the representation of transmission lines, and the phase‐domain frequency‐dependent line model is often used to this end. The phase‐domain line model does not require modal transformation in EMT simulations but requires modal decomposition at its model identification stage, and there are cases where it fails to fix switchovers of propagation modes with respect to frequency. Thus, a frequency‐dependent line model which essentially avoids modal decomposition is desired. This paper studies the possibility of a frequency‐dependent line model based on the FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) method as a candidate which satisfies the above‐mentioned requirements. First, improvements regarding computational efficiency and numerical stability are made to Kordi's FDTD‐based frequency‐dependent line model. Then, the following points are clarified using the developed model: (i) Waveform deformations due to propagation modes with different velocities can be reproduced completely without modal decomposition; (ii) As the time step size becomes larger, waveforms obtained by the developed model become less accurate due to the embedded filter for numerical stability. These points assure, if the error due to the embedded filter is reduced, that the developed model can become a useful frequency‐dependent line model without model identification problems.     

Fabrication of ceramic composites consisting of powders with different specific gravity by the slip-casting technique

For composites, it is of great importance to fabricate well-dispersed green compacts, in order to improve their mechanical properties and reliability. In the present study, the slip-casting technique was applied to the fabrication of ZrO2-WC-Al2O3 composites. The specific gravity of each composition in this material was very different, that is, 6.07 for ZrO2, 15.6 for WC and 3.94 for Al2O3. The compositions in the green compacts were afraid to separate from each other owing to the difference in their specific gravities, leading to heterogeneity in the microstructure. The relative density of the obtained compacts was approximately 60%. WC and Al2O3 were well-dispersed in the ZrO2 matrix. The separation and/or heterogeneity due to difference could not be recognized by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The slip-casting technique was found to be applicable to the fabrication of ceramic composites consisting of raw powders with different specific gravities. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

纤维表面涂层对SiC(f)/SiC复相陶瓷力学性能和界面结构的影响

报道了化学气相浸渍（CVI）工艺制备的SiC（f）/SiC复相陶瓷中纤维表面涂层对复合材料力学性能和显微结构的影响。SEM观察表明：C或B N表面涂层改变了SiC（f）/SiC复相陶瓷中纤维与基体间的强界面结合,使断裂过程中的界面解离和纤维拔出大大增加,与此同时材料的断裂韧性和断裂功明显提高。说明C或BN纤维表面涂层能够大大地改善SiC（f）/SiC复相陶瓷的脆性断裂行为模式。高分辨电镜的观察证实在CVI过程初期,纤维表面首先发生石墨界面相的沉积,该界面相具有明显的层状晶格条纹,而纤维表面C涂层为无定型态。     

Separation mechanism for double cylinder with shrink fitting system used for ceramics conveying rollers

Steel conveying rollers used in hot rolling mills must be exchanged frequently at great cost because hot conveyed strips induce wear and deterioration on the surface of roller in short periods. In previous studies, new roller structure was considered which has a ceramics sleeve connected with two steel shafts at both ends by shrink fitting. Here, although the ceramics sleeve can be used for many years, the steel shafts sometimes have to be exchanged for maintenance and reconstruction under the corrosive atmosphere. Since the thermal expansion coefficient of steel is about five times larger than that of ceramics, it is necessary to investigate how to separate the shrink fitting system by heating outside of sleeve and cooling inside of the shaft. Although how to separate the real roller has been discussed in the previous study, the separation mechanism has not been clarified yet. Therefore, in this study, several types of more fundamental models are investigated to understand the separation mechanism of real roller by the application of the finite element method. The results may be useful for designs of new rollers.