On Multicarrier Detection and Coherent CDMA Mobile Receiver Radio Systems with Joint Antenna Diversity

The combination of code division multiple access(CDMA) and multicarrier (MC) transmission techniques,termed MC-CDMA, is considered a promising alternative toconventional DS (direct sequence)-CDMA. For this reason, recent research activities haveconcentrated on the application of MC-CDMA to mobileradio systems. In this paper an MC-CDMA concept which iswell suited for mobile radio applications is described. The described MC-CDMA concept overcomesdisadvantages of previously proposed concepts. InMC-CDMA mobile radio systems, signal reception isimpaired by time-varying multipath propagation. Theimpairments can be reduced by applying diversitytechniques. Coherent receiver antenna diversity (CRAD)is especially attractive because only the signalprocessing at the receivers must be modified. In thiscommunication, the application of CRAD in combination withjoint detection (JD) techniques to the more criticaluplink of MC-CDMA mobile radio systems is investigated.It is explained that the deployment of JD techniques for CRAD is an effective countermeasure againstthe influence of the mobile radio channel on the systemperformance. Four JD techniques for CRAD which areapplicable to MC-CDMA are presented. Their performances are studied in bad urban, typical urban, andtypical macrocellular environments. It is shown thatMC-CDMA allows a favorable performance compared to otherCDMA concepts.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediments of the Great Lakes. 3. Lakes Ontario and Erie

Sediment cores were taken in 2002 in Lakes Ontario and Erie at four locations. A total of 48 sediment samples were characterized, dated using 210Pb, and analyzed for 10 congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) including BDE209 as well as 39 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The surficial concentrations of nine tri- through hepta-BDE congeners (sigma9PBDE) are 4.85 and 6.33 ng g(-1), at sampling sites ON40 and ON30 in Lake Ontario, and 1.83 and 1.95 ng g(-1) at ER37 and ER09 in Lake Erie, respectively, based on dry sediment weight. The surficial BDE209 concentrations are 242 and 211 ng g(-1) at ON40 and ON30 and 50 and 55 ng g(-1) at ER37 and ER09. The sigma(9-) PBDEs fluxes to the sediment around 2002 are 147 and 195 pg cm(-2) year(-1) at ON40 and ON30 and 136 and 314 pg cm(-2) year(-1) at ER37 and ER09, respectively. The fluxes of BDE209 are 6.5 and 7.3 ng cm(-2) year(-1) at ON30 and ON40 and 3.7 and 8.9 ng cm(-2) year(-1) at ER37 and ER09, respectively. Dramatic increases in PBDE concentrations and fluxes upward toward the sediment surface and the present time are evident at both locations in Lake Ontario, while PCBs concentrations peak in the middle of sediment cores around the dated time of 1970s and 1960s. For both locations of Lake Erie, the increasing trends of both PBDEs and PCBs from the bottom to the surficial segments were distorted by sediment mixing. BDE209 is the most abundant congener among PBDEs in the sediments, constituting about 96 and 91% of the total PBDEs on mass basis in Lakes Ontario and Erie, respectively.     

Crystal structure of zeolite X nickel(II) exchanged at pH 4.3 and partially dehydrated, Ni2(NiOH)35(Ni4AlO4)2(H3O)46Si101Al91O384

Complete Ni²⁺ exchange of a single crystal of zeolite X of composition Na₉₂Si₁₀₀Al₉₂O₃₈₄ per unit cell was attempted at 73°C with flowing aqueous 0.05 M NiCl₂ (pH=4.3 at 23°C). After partial dehydration at 23°C and ≈10⁻³ Torr for two days, its structure, now of composition Ni₂(NiOH)₃₅(Ni₄AlO₄)₂(H₃O)₄₆Si₁₀₁Al₉₁O₃₈₄ per unit cell, was determined by X-ray diffraction techniques at 23°C (space group Fd , a₀=24.788(5) Å). It was refined using all intensities; R₁=0.080 for the 236 reflections for which F_o>4σ(F_o), and wR₂=0.187 using all 1138 unique reflections measured. At four crystallographic sites, 45 Ni²⁺ ions were found per unit cell. Thirty of these are at two different site III′ positions. Twenty of those are close to the sides of 12-rings near O–Si–O sequences, where each coordinates octahedrally to two framework oxygens, to three water molecules which hydrogen bond to the zeolite framework, and to an OH⁻ ion. The remaining 10 are near O–Al–O sequences; only three members of a likely octahedral coordination sphere could be found. In addition, two Ni²⁺ ions are at site I, eight are at site I′, and five are at site II. Forty six H₃O⁺ ions per unit cell, 24 at site II′ and 22 at site II, each hydrogen bond triply to six rings of the zeolite framework. Each of the 22 H₃O⁺ ions also hydrogen bonds to a H₂O molecule that coordinates to a site III′ Ni²⁺ ion. Six of the eight sodalite cages each contain four H₃O⁺ ions at site II′; the remaining two each contains a tetrahedral orthoaluminate anion at its center. Each tetrahedral face of each orthoaluminate ion is centered by a site I′ Ni²⁺ ion to give two Ni₄AlO₄ clusters. The five site II Ni²⁺ ions each coordinate to a OH⁻ ion. With 46 H₃O⁺ ions per unit cell, the great tendency of hydrated Ni²⁺ to hydrolyze within zeolite X is demonstrated. With a relatively weak single-crystal diffraction pattern, with dealumination of the zeolite framework, and with an apparent decrease in long-range Si/Al ordering likely due to the formation of antidomains, this crystal like others treated with hydrolyzing cations appears to have been damaged by Ni²⁺ exchange and partial dehydration.     

Microvascular Experimentation in the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane as a Model for Screening Angiogenic Agents including from Gene-Modified Cells

The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay model of angiogenesis has been highlighted as a relatively quick, low cost and effective model for the study of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. The chick CAM is a highly vascularised extraembryonic membrane which functions for gas exchange, nutrient exchange and waste removal for the growing chick embryo. It is beneficial as it can function as a treatment screening tool, which bridges the gap between cell based in vitro studies and in vivo animal experimentation. In this review, we explore the benefits and drawbacks of the CAM assay to study microcirculation, by the investigation of each distinct stage of the CAM assay procedure, including cultivation techniques, treatment applications and methods of determining an angiogenic response using this assay. We detail the angiogenic effect of treatments, including drugs, metabolites, genes and cells used in conjunction with the CAM assay, while also highlighting the testing of genetically modified cells. We also present a detailed exploration of the advantages and limitations of different CAM analysis techniques, including visual assessment, histological and molecular analysis along with vascular casting methods and live blood flow observations.     

Large-scale parallel arrays of silicon nanowires via block copolymer directed self-assembly

Extending the resolution and spatial proximity of lithographic patterning below critical dimensions of 20 nm remains a key challenge with very-large-scale integration, especially if the persistent scaling of silicon electronic devices is sustained. One approach, which relies upon the directed self-assembly of block copolymers by chemical-epitaxy, is capable of achieving high density 1?:?1 patterning with critical dimensions approaching 5 nm. Herein, we outline an integration-favourable strategy for fabricating high areal density arrays of aligned silicon nanowires by directed self-assembly of a PS-b-PMMA block copolymer nanopatterns with a L(0) (pitch) of 42 nm, on chemically pre-patterned surfaces. Parallel arrays (5 × 10(6) wires per cm) of uni-directional and isolated silicon nanowires on insulator substrates with critical dimension ranging from 15 to 19 nm were fabricated by using precision plasma etch processes; with each stage monitored by electron microscopy. This step-by-step approach provides detailed information on interfacial oxide formation at the device silicon layer, the polystyrene profile during plasma etching, final critical dimension uniformity and line edge roughness variation nanowire during processing. The resulting silicon-nanowire array devices exhibit Schottky-type behaviour and a clear field-effect. The measured values for resistivity and specific contact resistance were ((2.6 ± 1.2) × 10(5)Ωcm) and ((240 ± 80) Ωcm(2)) respectively. These values are typical for intrinsic (un-doped) silicon when contacted by high work function metal albeit counterintuitive as the resistivity of the starting wafer (～10 Ωcm) is 4 orders of magnitude lower. In essence, the nanowires are so small and consist of so few atoms, that statistically, at the original doping level each nanowire contains less than a single dopant atom and consequently exhibits the electrical behaviour of the un-doped host material. Moreover this indicates that the processing successfully avoided unintentional doping. Therefore our approach permits tuning of the device steps to contact the nanowires functionality through careful selection of the initial bulk starting material and/or by means of post processing steps e.g. thermal annealing of metal contacts to produce high performance devices. We envision that such a controllable process, combined with the precision patterning of the aligned block copolymer nanopatterns, could prolong the scaling of nanoelectronics and potentially enable the fabrication of dense, parallel arrays of multi-gate field effect transistors.     

Atmospheric trace gas analysis with cavity ring-down spectroscopy

Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is a highly sensitive laser absorption method. It can be used for quantitative analysis of molecular species at the sub-ppb level. The absorption cell (cavity) is sealed by two high-reflective mirrors on each side, which results in an effective absorption path-length of some kilometers. Our experiments for atmospheric gas analysis have been carried out so far with an Excimer pumped dye laser in the UV-VIS and a CO overtone sideband laser in the wavelength region around 3 μm. Experiments with an all solid-state difference frequency laser system will follow. In the UV-VIS region, we measured trace gas molecules like SO₂, NO₂, and CH₂O. In the mid-infrared, around 3 μm, we measured hydrocarbons like CH₄, C₂H₆, and C₂H₄ with a detection limit of less than 1 ppb. The noise equivalent absorption coefficients in the MIR are in the order of 1.7·10⁻⁹ cm⁻¹. Due to the high data acquisition rate and the high sensitivity, CRDS enables real-time detection of trace gases in ambient air.     

Solubilization of fish muscle proteins with buffers containing sodium dodecyl sulfate

Summary The extraction of fish muscle protein using SDS containing solubilization buffers was studied varying the time and the temperature of solubilization, as well as pH and SDS concentration of the buffer. At pH < 6 the myofbrillar proteins were incompletely solubilized; temperatures of 80-100 °C resulted in protein degradation observable in the SDS-PAGE.Samples of fish muscle containing high amounts of formaldehyde (50 mmoles FA/kg wet weight) could only be solubilised at 100 °C; on the other hand it was possible to solubilize cooked and/or canned products under mild conditions (2% SDS, 1% 2-ME, pH 8.9, shaking for 2 h at 60 °C).

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Solubilisierung von Fischmuskelproteinen durch Natriumdodecylsulfathaltige Puffer

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Solubilisierungszeit und -temperatur, des pH-Wertes und der SDS-Konzentration des Solubilisierungspuffers auf die Extraktion von Fischmuskelproteinen wurde überprüft. Bei pH-Werten < 6 wurden die myofbrillären Proteine nur unvollständig gelöst; Solubilisierungstemperaturen von 80 bis 100 °C führten zu einem in der SDS-PAGE sichtbaren Proteinabbau. Fischmuskelproben mit hohem Formaldehydgehalt (50 mmole FA/kg Feuchtgewicht) ließen sich nur bei 100 °C vollständig solubilisieren; demgegenüber gelang die weitgehende Solubilisierung gegarter und/oder sterilisierter Produkte unter milden Bedingungen (2% SDS, 1% 2-ME, pH 8,9; 2stündiges Schütteln bei 60 °C).

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Abbreviations FA formaldehyde - IEF isoelectric focusing - 2-ME 2-mercaptoethanol - PA polyacrylamide - PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - pI isoelectric point - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate - TMAO trimethylamine oxide - Tris Tris (hydroxymethyl)methylamine     

Flavonolglykoside der Pflaumen der Species Prunus domestica L. und Prunus salicina Lindley

Zusammenfassung Blätter wie Früchte von 6 SortenPrunus domestica-Pflaumen enthalten hauptsächlich 3-Rutinoside, in geringerer Konzentration 3-Glucoside und 3-Galaktoside von Kämpferol und Quercetin Bowie Quercetin-3-rhamnosid. Dagegen weisen Pflaumen vonPrunus salicina (2 untersuchte Sorten) Kämpferol-3,7-bisrhamnosid und Kämpferol-3-arabinosyl-7-rhamnosid als Hauptflavonole auf. Hierdurch ist eine Unterscheidung beider Arten leicht and sicher mög-lich. Weiterhin konnten inSalicina-Pflaumen Kämpfe-rol-3-rutinosid sowie Quercetin-3-rhamnosid, -xylosid,-glucosid, -galaktosid, --l-arabinofuranosid and -rutinosid, auch Quercetin-7-rhamnosid and Kämpferol-7-glucosid nachgewiesen werden.Die Gesamtgehalte an Flavonolglykosiden lagen bei den untersuchten Pflaumensorten vonPrunus domestica (P. salicina) bei 2500–3340 (7170, 10350) ppm in Blättern and 20–52 (8, 24) in Früchten, jeweils bezogen auf Frischgewicht.

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Flavonol glycosides of plums of the species Prunus domestica L. and Prunus salicina lindley12. Phenolics of fruits

Summary Leaves and fruits from 6 cultivars ofPrunus domestica plums contain mainly 3-rutinosides; in smaller concentrations the 3-glycosides and 3-galactosides of kaempferol and quercetin as well as quercetin-3-rhamnoside are present. On the other hand, in plums ofPrunus salicina (2 examined cultivars) main flavonols are kaempferol-3,7-bisrhamnoside and kaempferol-3arabinosyl-7-rhamnoside. Due to the difference in composition, differentiation of these species will be easy and reliable. Additionally kaempferol-3-rutinoside and quercetin-3-rhamnoside, -xyloside,-glucoside, -galactoside, --l-arabinofuranoside and-rutinoside, and also quercetin-7-rhamnoside and kaempferol-7-glucoside could be detected inP. salicina plums. The total content of flavonol glycosides in the investigated plums ofPrunus domestica (P. salicina) were based on fresh weight about 2500–3340 (7170, 10350) ppm in the leaves and 20–52 (8, 24) ppm in the fruits.

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11. Mitt.: Henning W, Herrmann K (1980) Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 170:433–444

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Auszug aus der Promotionsarbeit von W. Henning: Bestimmung der in Pflaumen, Kirschen, Pfirsichen and Aprikosen vorkommenden Flavonolglykoside unter Anwendung der Hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographie. Diss. Univ. Hannover 1980     

Polymerization of cyclic monomers. VII. Synthesis and radical polymerization of 1,3‐bis[(1‐alkoxycarbonyl‐2‐vinylcyclopropane‐1‐yl)carboxy]benzenes

1,3‐Bis[(1‐alkoxycarbonyl‐2‐vinylcyclopropane‐1‐yl)carboxy]benzenes 1 [RO: CH₃O (a), C₂H₅O (b)] were synthesized by the esterification of the corresponding 1‐alkoxycarbonyl‐2‐vinylcyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acids with resorcinol. The structure of the new vinylcyclopropanes was confirmed by elemental analysis and infrared (IR), ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H‐NMR), and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C‐NMR) spectroscopy. The radical polymerization of difunctional 2‐vinyl‐cyclopropanes in bulk with 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) results in hard, transparent, crosslinked polymers. During the bulk polymerization of the crystalline bis[(1‐methoxycarbonyl‐2‐vinylcyclopropane‐1‐yl)carboxy]benzene 1a, an expansion in volume of about 1% took place. The radical solution polymerization of 1a resulted in a soluble polymer with pendant 2‐vinylcyclopropane groups. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 1775–1782, 1999