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51.
Human calicivirus Sapporo (SV) has typical calicivirus morphology and causes acute gastroenteritis in children. The nucleotide sequence of 3.2 kb of the 3' end of SV was determined from a cloned cDNA. The 3' end of the SV genome is predicted to encode the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region, the capsid protein and two small open reading frames. The nonstructural and capsid protein coding sequences in the SV genome are fused in a single open reading frame. The organization of these proteins in the SV sequence is similar to that of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and the recently described Manchester virus, and distinct from the genome organization of the prototype human calicivirus, Norwalk virus, that lacks typical calicivirus morphology and has been described as a small round structured virus (SRSV). Sequence analysis of the predicted capsid region showed that the SV capsid is longer by approximately 30 amino acids than the capsid of any of the SRSVs, and multiple sequence alignments showed that these additional amino acids are located in the variable region of the capsid protein. Expression of the capsid protein of SV in insect cells resulted in the self-assembly of virus-like particles that have a morphology similar to that of the native virus. This result shows that calicivirus morphology is determined by the primary sequence of the capsid protein.  相似文献   
52.
Quartz glass rods, 5.5 mm in diameter, were immersed in ternary Fe-S-O melts and quaternary Cu-Fe-S-O melts at 1493 K, and the decrease in rod diameter was measured. The rate of slag formation increased with the rotating speed of the rod and the FeO activity of the molten matte. A thin film of slag was formed on the rod surface when the FeO activity of the molten matte was higher than that of silica-saturated slag. The mass transfer coefficient of the FeO component in the boundary layer of the molten matte on the slag film was calculated on the assumption that the rate of slag formation was controlled by the mass transfer, and the results showed a dependency on the rotating speed of the rod close to the reported value. The rate of slag formation also increased with the Cu content of the molten matte, probably due to an accelerated upward movement of slag along the rod surface. At the time of lower FeO activity of the matte, the SiO2 rod was thought to dissolve in the matte, and the rate of dissolution increased with the FeO activity and Cu content of the matte. Y. CHIBA, formerly Graduate Student.  相似文献   
53.
The inhibitory effects of cultured milk using 76 strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from milk products were investigated on the mutagenicity of 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P2), a tryptophan pyrolysate for Salmonella typhimurium TA98. Each cultured milk sample displayed its characteristic antimutagenic effect against the mutagenicity of Trp-P2. The milk cultured with Lactobacillus acidophilus LA106 (LA2) showed the highest inhibition of 82.1% among the strains used. Milk samples cultured with Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lll103 (10-3) and Lll102 (KM) also exhibited higher inhibition percentages.  相似文献   
54.
Application of drug substances to the skin for systemic absorption or action in a particular layer of the skin is a rather old approach. However, over the last years it has received much more attention, as a consequence of the development of new membrane-moderated and matrix reservoir devices. As new reservoir systems, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN™) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC™) have been successfully tested for dermal application of different physicochemical substances. The knowledge obtained from rheological investigations of these systems may be highly useful for the characterization of the newly developed topical formulation. In the present study, an oscillation frequency sweep test was used for the evaluation of storage modulus (G_), loss modulus (G_), and complex viscosity (_*) of 12 different SLN and NLC formulations, over a frequency range from 0 to 10 Hz. The lipidic aqueous dispersions were prepared using three different solid lipids (Softisan_138, Compritol_888 and stearyl alcohol) as matrix material. Miglyol_812, tocopherol, sunflower oil and long-chain triacylglycerols were the chosen liquid lipids for NLC preparation. The objective of the present work was to investigate the effect of these different liquid lipids on the rheological properties of aqueous dispersions of NLC as model systems. It was found that the liquid oil component of the formulation has a strong influence on the viscoelastic parameters, which are dependent on the particle size, zeta potential and crystallinity of the lipid particles, as well as on the solid lipid used.  相似文献   
55.
A fluorous micellar system in water has been created to produce a large interfacial area between these media that retains substrates, effectively facilitating intermolecular Diels–Alder reactions due to repulsion effects from both media. Because LiFOS functioned not only as a surfactant but also as a supporting electrolyte, an electrochemical approach could be introduced to evaluate the rate acceleration effects. The measurement of the particle size distribution of the fluorous micelles clearly supported these evaluations.  相似文献   
56.
Bearingless switched reluctance motors, which can control rotor radial positions with magnetic force, have been proposed. These motors have combined the characteristics of switched reluctance motors and magnetic bearings. This paper proposes a method of determining the advanced angle of square-wave currents in a bearingless switched reluctance motor. Under any torque condition, from no load to full load, stable operation is realized by controlling the advanced angle of square-wave currents with the proposed method. It is shown experimentally that the proposed method is effective in realizing stable operation  相似文献   
57.
Local density of states (LDOS) is obtained by the first principles calculation based on the density functional theory on the Si(0 0 1)2 × 1 surface and on the surface with an Al dimer. At an Al dimer, LDOS has a high intensity in the conduction band region, which cannot be seen on the Si(0 0 1)2 × 1 surface. This tendency is observed in STS measurements as well. The possibility for a microelementary analysis is presented by applying this method to other metal atoms on the Si surface. Furthermore, it is pointed out that STS measurements should be always performed at the same tip-sample separation to obtain reproducible STS spectrums.  相似文献   
58.
59.
We have carried out very high temperature heat treatment at 1400–2700 °C of about 10 nm-thick amorphous carbon thin films deposited on refractory substrates MgO, Al2O3, and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) using pulsed laser deposition techniques. After the annealing, a few nanometer scale sp2 crystallization of the films and a large corrugation with a height of more than 1 μm were observed by Raman spectroscopy analysis and optical/atomic force microscopes, respectively. The corrugation is probably caused by the formation of gases at the film/substrate interface during the heat treatment.  相似文献   
60.
Contrast media-induced nephropathy is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired renal failure, occurring most frequently in patients with pre-existing renal insufficiency. We prospectively studied 55 patients with chronic renal insufficiency (serum creatinine concentration 1.4 to 3.5 mg/dl) who underwent abdominal aortography and arteriography of the lower extremities. The patients were randomized into two groups. Group 1, 28 patients, received dopamine 2.5 mcg/kg beginning 1 hour before arteriography and continuing for 12 hours. Group 2 received an equal volume of saline for the same period of time. Serum creatinine and 12-hour creatinine clearance were measured before arteriography and for 4 consecutive days afterward. Acute contrast-induced decrease in renal function was defined as increase in the baseline serum creatinine concentration > or = 0.5 mg/dl. On day 1 postarteriography the serum creatinine increased from baseline .193 mg/dl for controls while the dopamine group decreased slightly from baseline .018 mg/dl (p = 0.002). Excepting day 1 postarteriography, there was no statistical difference between groups, and serum levels for both groups increased linearly from baseline across time (dopamine p = 0.028, control p = 0.025). In patients with pre-arteriography baseline serum levels greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/dl, however, the increase in serum creatinine from baseline levels was consistently and significantly greater in the control group through the fourth day (0.012 < or = p < or = 0.049). Creatinine clearance did not change significantly from baseline after arteriography in the dopamine group (baseline versus days 1 through 4, 0.238 < or = p < or = 0.968); however, the control group showed a significant linear decrease in creatinine clearance from baseline through the fourth day after arteriography (p = 0.016). Dopamine infusion prevented a rise in serum creatinine 24 hours after angiography in patients with pre-existing renal insufficiency, and protected against contrast-induced decrease in renal function in patients whose baseline serum creatinine was > or = 2.0 mg/dl.  相似文献   
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