The identification of rice fields using multi-temporal ERS-1 C band SAR data

In this paper, an approach for the use of spaceborne SAR data for rice field identification, as well as for land use classification, is demonstrated, by using multitemporal data acquired over the Ohgata-mura area, Akita, Japan with ERS-1 C-band SAR, in 1992. Two techniques for reducing the influence of speckle on the accuracy of rice field identification were tested. A comparison of the SAR results with land use survey data collected in 1993, and with Landsat TM data, shows the potential of the present approach.     

Efficient Nd:YAG laser end pumped by a high-power multistripe laser-diode bar with multiprism array coupling

A 10-W laser-diode bar, a multistripe monolithic laser-diode array, has been used to end pump Nd:YAG. Twelve beams emitted from 12 stripes, spaced 800 μm apart, of a 1-cm linear diode array were collimated with a multiprism array consisting of 14 prismlets with 800-μm width to pump the Nd:YAG facet. The maximum Nd:YAG cw output power at 1064 nm of 3 W was obtained at 10-W laser-diode-bar power with a slope efficiency of 35%, and a TEM(00) spatial mode with values of beam-quality factor M(2) of 1.29 and 1.76 in the planes perpendicular and parallel to the junction, respectively. A pulse width of 25.2 ns (1-kHz repetition) was obtained in acousto-optic Q-switched operation.     

Changes in the distribution of cells expressing tumour-associated antigen in lymph nodes during the progression of enzootic bovine leukosis

A monoclonal antibody (MAb), c143, that recognizes a tumour-associated antigen that is "upregulated" on neoplastic B cells in cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), was used as a marker to study disease progression. An immunohistochemical examination of neoplastic tissue and superficial cervical lymph nodes from 14 animals with EBL revealed three morphologically definable stages of change in the structure of lymph nodes, associated with the distribution of c143-positive cells: (1) the presence of c143-positive cells at the marginal sinus with no apparent changes in lymph node structure; (2) the presence of positive cells extending into and distorting the architecture of the lymph node, with clear evidence of proliferation before overt changes (enlargement of lymph nodes) were evident; and (3) the presence of positive cells throughout the lymph node with total disruption of lymph node structure when clinical signs of lymph node enlargement were evident. The results indicated that the bovine leukaemia virus-transformed lymphocytes or neoplastic cells in peripheral blood accumulate in the marginal sinus area at the earliest stages, and subsequently proliferate and infiltrate into follicles, leading to the development of clinical signs of lymphosarcoma.     

Experimental Study on Moment–Plastic Rotation Capacity of Hybrid Beams

The moment–inelastic rotation behavior of hybrid steel girder bridges is experimentally investigated. Six welded girders having compact flanges and webs are statically loaded under three-point bending condition in order to simulate the interior pier section of a two-span continuous girder. Six girders, three with hybrid sections and three with homogeneous sections, are designed with three types of web slenderness ratios, resulting in three pairs of hybrid and homogeneous girders. The inelastic rotation capacities obtained from the experimental tests are then compared between hybrid and homogeneous girders. In addition, the results are compared with the prediction moment–inelastic rotation curve proposed in 1998 by White and Barth. It is concluded that, under the condition in this study, hybrid girders have more deformation capacity than homogeneous girders, and that the prediction curve is more conservative for a specimen with higher web slenderness ratio.     

Genetic analysis on the role of integrin during axon guidance in Drosophila

Heterodimeric cell surface receptor integrin is widely expressed in the nervous system, but its specific role during axon development has not been directly tested in vivo. We show that the Drosophila nervous system expresses low levels of positron-specific (PS) integrin subunits alphaPS1, alphaPS2, and betaPS during embryonic axogenesis. Furthermore, certain subsets of neurons express higher levels of integrin mRNAs than do the rest. Null mutations in either the alphaPS1 or alphaPS2 subunit gene cause widespread axon pathfinding errors that can be rescued by supplying the wild-type integrin subunit to the mutant nervous system. In contrast, misexpressing either the alphaPS1 or alphaPS2 integrin subunit in all neurons leads to no obvious axon pathfinding errors. We propose that integrin does not itself serve as either a "clutch" constituting molecule or a specific growth cone "receptor," as proposed previously, but rather as part of a molecular network that cooperatively guarantees accurate axon guidance.     

Collimation of emissions from a 1-cm aperture tightly arranged, multistripe laser-diode bar with a multiprism array coupling

A total of 100 beams emitted from 100 stripes, with an 80-mum aperture spaced on 100-mum centers, of a 1-cm linear diode array were collimated by a multiprism array consisting of 15 800-mum-wide prismlets. The spatial intensity distributions of each eight-beam unit were rotated 90 degrees through three total reflections in a prismlet. The array of prismlets transforms a long dotted line (a long line array of emitters) to a series of short dotted lines arranged in parallel. Collimated beams were focused to a spot of ~500 mum (FWHM).     

Analysis of no-load characteristics of a bearingless inductionmotor

This paper presents the design and analysis of a bearingless squirrel cage induction motor. There are two sets of stator windings. The main winding is a four-pole arrangement, while the control winding is a two-pole type. The latter is utilized to produce radial forces on the rotor shaft. The two-pole winding currents are regulated by radial position sensors and control strategies in order to maintain the rotor shaft position near the air gap center. The voltage and current relationships of the two-pole windings were derived from the machine inductance model and equivalent circuits. The influences of the secondary rotor circuits were also taken into account. The theoretical values of current, voltage, and radial force were compared with experimental results. It was found that the two-pole windings need only about 2 percent of the voltampere (VA) requirements of the main motor windings     

Rheological properties of Lepidium sativum seed extract as a function of concentration, temperature and time

The seeds of Lepidium sativum (Garden Cress) were selected as a new source of hydrocolloid and its chemical composition and molecular parameters were determined. The macromolecular component of the extract had a molecular weight of 540 kDa, and was nearly as rigid as xanthan with regard to chain conformation. The main rheological features were investigated as a function of shear rate, concentration and temperature. The extract exhibited strong shear-thinning behaviour, which was even more pronounced than for xanthan. An increase in concentration or temperature led to an increase in pseudoplasticity. The Arrhenius model was applied to the temperature dependence of viscosity, and the activation energy (E_a) was found to decrease with increasing concentration. The extract solutions showed thixotropic behaviour at all the concentrations and temperatures studied, and the first-order stress decay model with a non-zero equilibrium stress fairly described the time-dependent behaviour. The rheological characteristics found indicated a potential application of the extract as a novel thickener.     

Identification of peak bone mass QTL in a spontaneously osteoporotic mouse strain

The whole genome scan for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) specifying peak bone mass was performed with the F2 intercrosses of SAMP6, an established murine model of senile osteoporosis, exhibiting a significantly lower peak bone mass, and SAMP2, exhibiting a higher peak bone mass. Cortical thickness index (CTI), a parameter of bone mass of femurs, was measured in 488 F2 progeny at 4 months of age, when the animals attained peak bone mass by microphotodensitometry. Genetic markers were typed at 90 loci spanning all chromosomes except the Y. By interval mapping of 246 male F2 mice, two loci were identified with significant linkage to peak bone mass, one on Chromosome (Chr) 11 and another on Chr 13, with a maximum lod score of 10.8 (22.2% of the total variance) and 5.8 (10.0%), respectively. Another locus on the X Chr was suggestive of a QTL associated oppositely with a low peak bone mass to the SAMP2 allele. This association was consistent with the distribution of peak bone mass in the F1 and F2. These findings should be useful to elucidate the genetics of osteoporosis.