汉语语句的自动改写

在基于转换方式的口语机器翻译中,口语的多样性和不规则性加重了转换模块的处理负担。另外,由于缺少双语语料库和懂双语的语言学家,使得翻译知识的开发很困难或成本很高。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了在翻译前对源语言的语句进行自动改写的方法,试图通过加强源语言的处理来分散转换模块的负担。本文介绍了汉日口语机器翻译系统中汉语语句改写模块的开发。作者在分析了口语句子的改写目标后,提出了基于模板匹配的改写方法和从改写语料库中获取改写模板的半自动化方法。作者还介绍了改写模块的设计与实现,以及评价试验和结果。     

Selective Manipulation of Discrete Mannosidase Activities in the Endoplasmic Reticulum by Using Reciprocally Selective Inhibitors

Within the endoplasmic reticulum, immature glycoproteins are sorted into secretion and degradation pathways through the sequential trimming of mannose residues from Man₉GlcNAc₂ to Man₅GlcNAc₂ by the combined actions of assorted α‐1,2‐mannosidases. It has been speculated that specific glycoforms encode signals for secretion and degradation. However, it is unclear whether the specific signal glycoforms are produced by random mannosidase action or are produced regioselectively in a sequenced manner by specific α‐1,2‐mannosidases. Here, we report the identification of a set of selective mannosidase inhibitors and development of conditions for their use that enable production of distinct pools of Man₈GlcNAc₂ isomers from a structurally defined synthetic Man₉GlcNAc₂ substrate in an endoplasmic reticulum fraction. Glycan processing analysis with these inhibitors provides the first biochemical evidence for selective production of the signal glycoforms contributing to traffic control in glycoprotein quality control.     

Effect of Polarization Mode Coupling on Extrema Counting Fixed Analyzer PMD Measurement Method

We describe the effect of polarization mode coupling in the single-mode optical fibers on the extrema counting fixed analyzer (FA) polarization mode dispersion (PMD) measurement method. We define the polarization mode coupling coefficient for the over (or under) estimation which occurs with the FA method. We investigate the polarization mode coupling coefficient experimentally by comparison with the air-path (cross-correlation) type interferometric PMD measurement method. Moreover, we discuss the polarization mode coupling experimentally as well as analytically by using pseudo-polarization mode coupling which we obtained by splicing highly birefringent (B  4.5 × 10 ^− 4) polarization maintaining fibers (PMFs) with the random splice angles. The results show that the PMD τ of the single-mode optical fibers which has random polarization mode coupling can be approximated by multiplying the PMD τ obtained using the FA method with the random polarization mode coupling coefficient k  0.82.     

Design and synthesis of oligosaccharides that interfere with glycoprotein quality-control systems

Calnexin (CNX) and its soluble homologue calreticulin (CRT) are lectin-like molecular chaperones that help newly synthesized glycoproteins to fold correctly in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To investigate the mechanism of glycoprotein-quality control, we have synthesized structurally defined high-mannose-type oligosaccharides related to this system. This paper describes the synthesis of the non-natural undecasaccharide 2 and heptasaccharide 16, designed as potential inhibitors of the ER quality-control system. Each possesses the key tetrasaccharide element (Glc1Man3) critical for the CNX/CRT binding, while lacking the pentamannosyl branch required for glucosidase II recognition. These oligosaccharides were evaluated for their ability to bind CRT by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). As expected, each of them had a significant affinity towards CRT. In addition, these compounds were shown to be resistant to glucosidase II digestion. Their activities in blocking the chaperone function of CRT were next measured by using malate dehydrogenase (MDH) as a substrate. Their inhibitory effects were shown to correlate well with their CRT-binding affinities, both being critically dependent upon the presence of the terminal glucose (Glc) residue.     

Terpolymer films having semipolar structure: Preparation,wettability, and mechanical properties

A terpolymer, obtained by the free‐radical terpolymerization of 2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMMA), methyl methacrylate(MMA), and isobutyl methacrylate (IBMA), was allowed to react with hydrogen peroxide, chloroacetic acid, and diethyl sulfate to form the corresponding modified terpolymers: (1) N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl)amine N‐oxide, MMA and IBMA (DMANO series); (2) N‐(carboxymethyl)‐N,N‐dimethyl‐ N‐(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl)ethyl ammonium, MMA and IBMA (CDME series); and (3) N‐(ethyl)‐N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl)ethyl ammonium ethylsulfonate, MMA and IBMA (EDMEES series), respectively. The terpolymer compositions were determined using ¹³C NMR spectrometry. Surface free energies of the terpolymers were estimated by measuring the contact angles of water and methylene iodide on the three series films (DMANO, CDME, and EDMEES), and the effect of the N‐oxide group on wettability was discussed. It was found that the upper surface of the films for the DMANO and CDME series are more hydrophobic than that for the EDMEES series. Notably, elongation to break for the DMANO series was relatively larger than that for the CDME series because of the water bound to the N‐oxide functional group. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1235–1243, 2005     

中国东北土壤甲烷散发量综述

为了加深对全球空气中甲烷含量的理解，甲烷散发量的个别源和空间变量做为影响大气的温室气体需要调查研究。将甲烷散发量在中国东北部的研究做为一个合作项目由日本长冈工业高等专门学校和黑龙江水利高等专科学校共同完成。考察全球的甲烷散发量，在考虑各国对此量的影响及一个甲烷散发源的基础上，把中国东北土壤做为大气甲烷的散发源，在中国东北土壤中的甲烷散发量占全区甲烷全部散发量的大部分，因为该处存在大面积的湿地和水田、本文指出需进一步加强土壤甲烷散发量的测定和计算工作。     

Noise characteristics of stacked CMOS active pixel sensor for charged particles

The noise characteristics of a stacked CMOS active pixel sensor (SCAPS) for incident charged particles have been analyzed under 4.5 keV Si⁺ ion irradiation. The source of SCAPS dark current was found to change from thermal to electron leakage with decreasing device temperature. Leakage current at charge integration part in a pixel has been reduced to 0.1 electrons s⁻¹ at 77 K. The incident ion signals are computed by subtracting reset frame values from each frame using a non-destructive readout operation. With increase of irradiated ions, the dominant noise source changed from read noise, and shot noise from the incident ions, to signal frame fixed-pattern noise from variations in sensitivity between pixels. Pixel read noise is equivalent to ten incident ions. The charge of an incident ion is converted to 1.5 electrons in the pixel capacitor. Shot noise corresponds to the statistical fluctuation of incident ions. Signal frame fixed-pattern noise is 0.7% of the signal. By comparing full well conditions to noise floor, a dynamic range of 80 dB is achieved. SCPAS is useful as a two-dimensional detector for microanalyses such as stigmatic secondary ion mass spectrometry.     

Coupled CFD analysis of size distributions on indoor secondary organic aerosol derived from ozone/limonene reactions

Recently, theoretical analysis and experiment have been initiated to investigate the generation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) by chemical reactions in indoor air. In particular, it has been confirmed that SOA are generated by the reaction of ozone with various terpenoids. The overarching goal of this work was to better understand ozone, VOC (volatile organic compounds) and generated SOA distributions within rooms. We carried out cylindrical test chamber experiments to measure SOA generation from the chemical reaction of ozone and limonene and discussed numerical models to describe it. In this paper, we propose a method for predicting the particle size distribution of SOA generated by ozone and limonene chemical reactions in air. In particular, we discuss an analytical method that involves a sectional modeling approach governing equations of SOA. Although the changes in particle size distribution in a 40-section model were reproduced to a certain extent, rigorous modeling for the generation and growth of SOA and an increased number of sections are needed for improvement of prediction accuracy.     

Shape measurements of mirror surfaces with a lateral-shearing interferometer during machine running

A common path lateral-shearing interferometer with a minimum number of optical components has been developed. Because the interferometer is little affected by mechanical vibrations and air turbulence, it can be mounted on an ultraprecision lathe and can be used to measure the shapes of workpieces. A plane parallel glass plate is used to shear the wavefront under test in the interferometer. To analyze the interference fringes obtained by the interferometer precisely, a fringe-scanning method using a slight tilt of the glass plate is used. Zone plates that are computer-generated holograms are used to measure spherical and aspherical surfaces with the interferometer. A spherical and a parabolic concave mirror were measured with the interferometer. The spherical mirror was also measured by a Fizeau interferometer to compare the error with that measured by the lateral-shearing interferometer. The experimental results agreed well with those measured by the lateral-shearing interferometer.