Anisotropy of flux flow in layered superconductor 2H-NbSe2−x S x

Magnetic-field dependence of the resistivity for various currents in the layered superconductor 2H-NbSe_1.8S_0.2 was investigated. The flux flow was observed for various angles between the magnetic-field direction and the crystal layers near zero-field critical temperature. Anisotropy of the pinning force and the viscosity coefficient was found. The peak effect was observed under a magnetic field perpendicular to the layers, while it was not observed under a magnetic field parallel to the layers. A strong pinning force was found acting only on flux lines parallel to the layers. These results can be explained by the pinning mechanism due to the stacking faults.     

Application of electrolyte using novel ionic liquid to Si thick film anode of Li-ion battery

An applicability of a novel ionic liquid, consisting of 1-methoxyethoxymethyl(tri-n-butyl)phosphonium cation and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide anion, was investigated as an electrolyte of Li-ion battery using a thick film electrode of Si prepared by a gas-deposition method. The electrochemical properties in the novel ionic liquid were compared to those in a commercial ionic liquid and a typical organic solvent of propylene carbonate. The initial discharge capacity of 3450 mAh g⁻¹ and excellent cycling performance were achieved in the novel ionic liquid. The novel ionic liquid was confirmed to effectively suppress a collapse and an electrical isolation of the Si thick film induced by pulverization during charge-discharge cycling. The excellent performance is possibly attributed to more effective desolvation of Li ions from the anions due to its lower dielectric constant compared with the propylene carbonate solvent.     

Microstructure-related properties at 193 nm of MgF2 and GdF3 films deposited by a resistive-heating boat

MgF2 and GdF3 materials, used for a single-layer coating at 193 nm, are deposited by a resistive-heating boat at specific substrate temperatures. Optical characteristics (transmittance, refractive index, extinction coefficient, and optical loss) and microstructures (morphology and crystalline structure) are investigated and discussed. Furthermore, MgF2 is used as a low-index material, and GdF3 is used as a high-index material for multilayer coatings. Reflectance, stress, and the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) are studied. It is shown that MgF2 and GdF3 thin films, deposited on the substrate at a temperature of 300 degrees C, obtain good quality thin films with high transmittance and little optical loss at 193 nm. For multilayer coatings, the stress mainly comes from MgF2, and the absorption comes from GdF3. Among those coatings, the sixteen-layer design, sub/(1.4L 0.6H)8/air, shows the largest LIDT.     

Influence of thermal annealing and ultraviolet light irradiation on LaF3 thin films at 193 nm

Lanthanum fluoride (LaF3) thin films were prepared by resistive heating evaporation and electron-beam gun evaporation under the same deposition rate, deposition substrate temperature, and vacuum pressure. The coated LaF3 films were then treated by heat annealing and UV light irradiation. The optical properties, microstructures, stress, and laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) at a wavelength of 193 nm were investigated. The surface roughness, optical loss, stress, and LIDT of the films were improved after the annealing. The films had better properties when irradiated by UV light as compared with heat annealing.     

Characterization of AlF3 thin films at 193 nm by thermal evaporation

Aluminum fluoride (AlF3) was deposited by a resistive heating boat. To obtain a low optical loss and high laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) at 193 nm, the films were investigated under different substrate temperatures, deposition rates, and annealing after coating. The optical property (the transmittance, refractive index, extinction coefficient, and optical loss) at 193 nm, microstructure (the cross-sectional morphology, surface roughness, and crystalline structure), mechanical property (stress), and LIDT of AlF3 thin films have been studied. AlF3 thin films deposited at a high substrate temperature and low deposition rate showed a lower optical loss. The highest LIDT occurred at the substrate temperature of 150 degrees C. The LIDT of the films prepared at a deposition rate of 2 A/s was higher than that at other deposition rates. The annealing process did not influence the optical properties too much, but it did increase the LIDT and stress.     

A functionally graded titanium/hydroxyapatite film obtained by sputtering

A functionally graded film of titanium/hydroxyapatite (HA) was prepared on a titanium substrate using a radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The ratio of titanium to HA was controlled by moving the target shutter. The film was composed of five layers, with overall film thickness of 1 m. The HA was concentrated close to the surface, while the titanium concentration increased with proximity to the substrate. The bonding strength between the film and the substrate was 15.2 MPa in a pull-out test and the critical load from a scratch test was 58.85 mN. The corresponding values of a pure HA sputtered film were 8.0 MPa and 38.47 mN, respectively. The bonding strength of a pure HA plasma spray coating was 10.4 MPa in the pull-out test. The graded film and the pure HA film were sputter-coated to a thickness of 1 m on titanium columns (10 mm in length and 4 mm in diameter). These columns were implanted in diaphyses of the femora of six adult dogs and a push-out test was carried out after 2, 4, and 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, the push-out strengths of the graded film, the pure HA film and the non-coated columns were 3.7, 3.5, and 1.0 MPa.     

Behavior of polymers containing spiroorthoester or bicycloorthoester structure under EB and X-ray irradiation conditions

Reaction behavior of spiroorthoester and bicycloorthoester to EB and X-ray irradiations has been studied on the basis of infrared spectroscopic analysis. The polymers containing these functional groups showed markedly high sensitivity to EB and X-ray. The formations of C?O and ? OH after exposure indicate that these functional groups react through ring opening even in the absence of any cationic catalyst. In the high energy-induced reaction, sensitivity and post-irradiation polymerization effect were found to be greatly influenced by the polymer structure, different from those observed in the cation-induced reaction.     

Corrosion Kinetics and Strength Degradation of Sintered δ-Silicon Carbide in Potassium Sulfate Melts

Pressureless sintered α-SiC ceramics containing carbon and boron as sintering aids and hot-pressed SiC containing aluminum nitride as a sintering aid were corroded in K₂SO₄ melts at 1080° to 1150°C. SiC ceramics were oxidized and dissolved into K₂SO₄ melts. Since the corrosion of SiC ceramics in K₂SO₄ melts proceeded autocatalytically, a reaction product such as K₂S_1.44 was suspected to promote the corrosion reaction. The corrosion resistance of SiC containing AlN in K₂SO₄ melt was superior to that of SiC containing boron and carbon. Apparent activation energies for the corrosion of SiC ceramics were 309 to 331 kJ mol^-1. The fracture strength of the specimens corroded by K₂SO₄ melt degraded to 40% to 70% of the original values up to a 20% weight loss and then was almost constant up to 45% weight loss.     

1992～1993年冬季中国东北宝泉岭气温和地温的波谱特征

在冬季，西伯利亚冷气团流经中国东北到日本，在经过日本海期间发生变性，而这种变性对日本冬季气候的影响是十分重要的，同时在气团流经的路径上气温和地温也会在变性以前上下起伏，而这些温度又和观测点的地形因素有关。在哈尔滨东北５００ｋｍ，与宝泉岭毗邻的农场设有一观测站，从１９９２年１１月到１９９３年２月，观测气温和地温并计算其主波谱。分析气温波谱显示，１—２周的波谱是由路径影响导致的，并占有主导地位，１天周期的波谱主要是由于太阳幅射的日周期变化引起的，由于地形因素而产生的０．５和０．３日周期波谱在研究的初期随在１—２周主波之后，在研究的中期和后期，１日的波谱长占主导地位，在此期间西伯利亚流向日本的气团不是很频繁，这点和日本的暖冬是相符合的。因此在波谱中日周期变化和观测点地形因素在决定干燥和晴空天气特性方面是相对重要的。由于土壤的热传导特性，地温波谱象１日、０．５日．０．３日这样的短周期波是平滑的，热敏元件埋在一个适中的土层里，土壤是一个很好的滤波器，使我们更好地观测路径导致的长波的变化。     

Acid dissolution of manganese nodules after electric discharge

Valuable metals in manganese nodules can be rendered highly soluble in sulphuric acid by forming an electric cell with manganese nodules as a cathode active material and by discharging the cell, eliminating the need for treatment under severe conditions such as elevated temperatures and/or high pressures which is often the method for conventionally treating manganese nodules. A partial electric discharge has yielded higher metal extractions, eg nearly 95% of the Ni, Co and Cu metals contained, rather than a complete drainage of the electric current from the deep-sea nodules. Even in the latter case, however, the discharged nodules have shown a much better extractability of the metals by subsequent H₂SO₄ treatment, in comparison with the direct H₂SO₄ leaching.