Ertragsleistung sowie Gehalte und Zusammensetzung der Fette und Proteine einiger Senfarten und -sorten auf ökologisch stark differenzierten Standorten

Yield as well as Contents and Composition of Fats and Proteins in Several Varieties and Types of Mustard at Distinctly Different Ecological Locations In a cultivation experiment extending over two years the yield of different varieties of Brassica juncea, Brassica nigra and Sinapis alba was examined. Fat content and protein content were determined and the correlations with different characteristics were calculated. Fatty acid composition of the oil showed that erucic acid content was distinctly influenced by the location and the year of cultivation. In all samples, whose erucic acid content showed large difference from average values for the variety, electrophoretic patterns of the proteins were found to be distinctly different, both with respect to number and distribution of the bands.     

Bile acid sulfates: II. Synthesis of 3-monosulfates of bile acids and their conjugates

Bile acid 3-monosulfates were synthesized by the sulfation of 3-hydroxy formyloxy bile acids with sulfur trioxide-triethylamine in dimethylformamide at 25 C for 0.5 hr. The protecting formyl groups were then hydrolyzed under mild alkaline conditions, and the deformylated products were isolated as p-toluidinium salts. These p-toluidinium salts were converted easily to the corresponding disodium salts by methanolic sodium hydroxide. Disodium salts were then isolated by precipitation from methanolether. The corresponding glycine conjugates were similarly synthesized by the sulfation of ethyl esters of 3-hydroxy formyloxy bile acid glycine conjugates. However, the taurine-conjugated bile acid sulfates were obtained by conjugating bile acid 3-monosulfates, either as triethylammonium salt or as disodium salt, with taurine in dimethylformamide in the presence of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline. These procedures produced the desired bile acid sulfates in high yield (typically above 90%) with minimum manipulation. No time-consuming and capacity-limited chromatographic purification was needed to isolate the pure sulfates. The thin layer chromatographic mobilities, the infrared spectra, and some of the preliminary studies of the properties of these synthesized 3-monosulfates are also discussed. Part I of this series, see reference 18.     

Polymers for the immobilization of whole cells and their application in biotechnology

Immobilization of whole cells has become an efficient tool for biosynthesis, biotransformation and analysis. High cell density, high operational stability, easy handling, propably in continuous systems, and multiple reuse are important advantages of immobilized cells. In comparison to other methods like adsorption, crosslinking and encapsulation, the entrapment within a polymeric network is the most widely applied technique in heterogeneous biocatalysis. For immobilizing mammalian cells nearly exclusively the adsorption onto micorcarriers is used. Requirements for the polymers to be used in such immobilized cell systems are discussed in detail.     

Supported Alumina Members by an in-Situ Sol–Gel Method

Alumina membranes were prepared using a sol–gel process. Thin gel layers were grown onto porous alumina support tubes by using the permeation of water through the tube to control the rate of hydrolysis. Optimum coating conditions were found to be an ASB to 2-propanol volume ratio of 1:25, coating times between 10 and 15 s, and partial drying times between 2.5 and 3 min, depending on whether the water was flowing in the tube or stored in the tube. The coatings remained crack-free and adherent when fired to 800°C.     

An NMR‐MOUSE® for Analysis of Thin Objects

A special unilateral NMR sensor has been designed for investigations of thin samples with a thickness of less than 1 mm and of surface effects of polymers. For use with the bar‐magnet NMR‐MOUSE®, the so‐called “crazy coil” is introduced with a low penetration depth. It is a flat meander coil etched on a printed circuit board with wiggles in the conductors. The design of the new coil and FEM simulations of the B ₁ field are presented. Different applications are discussed by means of illustrative examples. They are the detection of surface damage in rubber samples, the swelling and drying of a latex membrane exposed to cyclohexane vapor mimicking a chemical sensor, and the drying of a thin sprayed adhesive layer.

Bar‐magnet NMR‐MOUSE® with crazy coil.     

Ordering tendencies in Pd-Pt, Rh-Pt, and Ag-Au alloys

First-principles quantum-mechanical calculations indicate that the mixing enthalpies for Pd-Pt and Rh-Pt solid solutions are negative, in agreement with experiment. Calculations of the diffuse-scattering intensity due to short-range order also exhibits ordering tendencies. Further, the directly calculated enthalpies of formation of ordered intermetallic compounds are negative. These ordering tendencies are in direct conflict with a 1959 prediction of Raub that Pd-Pt and Rh-Pt will phase-separate below ~760 °C (hence their mixing energy will be positive), a position that has been adopted by all binary alloy phase diagram compilations. The present authors predict that Pd_1-xPt_x will order in the L1₂, L1₀, and L1₂ structures ([001] superstructures) at compositionsx = 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4, respectively, while the ordered structures of Rh_1-xPt_x are predicted to be superlattices stacked along the [012] directions. While the calculated ordering temperatures for these intermetallic compounds are too low to enable direct growth into the ordered phase, diffuse-scattering experiments at higher temperatures should reveal ordering rather than phase-separation characteristics (i.e., off-F peaks). The situation is very similar to the case of Ag-Au, where an ordering tendency is manifested both by a diffuse scattering intensity and by a negative enthalpy of mixing. An experimental reexamination of PdPt and Rh-Pt is needed.     

Context Aware Terrain Visualization for Wayfinding and Navigation

To assist wayfinding and navigation, the display of maps and driving directions on mobile devices is nowadays commonplace. While existing system can naturally exploit GPS information to facilitate orientation, the inherently limited screen space is often perceived as a drawback compared to traditional street maps as it constrains the perception of contextual information. Moreover, occlusion issues add to this problem if the environment is shown from the popular egocentric perspective. In this paper we describe an interactive visualization system that addresses these problems by reallocating the available screen space. At the heart of our system are three novel visualization techniques: First, we propose a non‐standard perspective that allows to blend between the familiar pedestrian perspective and a standard map depiction with reduced occlusion. Second, we derive an efficient deformation technique that allows an interactive allocation of screen space to areas of interest like e.g. nearby touristic attractions. Finally, a path adaptive isometric perspective is proposed that reveals otherwise hidden facades in top‐down views. We describe efficient implementations of all techniques and exemplify our interactive system on real world urban models.     

Morphology and composition of nanograde calcium phosphate needle-like crystals formed by simple hydrothermal treatment

Nanograde calcium phosphate needle-like crystals are prepared from wet synthesized Ca–P precipitates by simple hydrothermal treatment at 140°C and 0.3 MPa for 2 h. The morphology of these crystals is observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The phase composition is tested through X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). It is found that the morphology of these crystals is related to the activity or fresh degree of the starting Ca–P precipitates and the added fluorine ions, but is not greatly influenced by the Ca/P ratio of the precipitates. These crystals with a Ca/P ratio between 1.67 and 1.5 show a poorly crystallized apatite structure at room temperature and a biphasic (HA+–TCP) structure at 1100°C, corresponding to their Ca/P ratio. It is demonstrated that these nonstoichiometric apatite crystals contain lattice-bound water which could play an important role in the formation of bone apatite. The similarity in morphology and composition between these needle-like crystals and the apatite crystals in bone provides a possibility to make a bone-like implant consisting of these needle-like crystals and collagen, etc.