Effects of germination on the activities of amylases and phenolic enzymes in sorghum varieties grouped according to food end‐use properties

Fifty sorghum varieties were screened to determine the effects of germination on levels of starch, α‐amylase, β‐amylase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Germination decreased starch content, with amylose being more degraded than amylopectin. In germinated grain, α‐amylase activity increased several‐fold in all varieties, whereas β‐amylase activity did not increase uniformly and even decreased in some varieties. Activity of the key enzyme in phenolic biosynthesis, PAL, was detected in only half of the varieties before germination but in all of them after germination. PPO was not activated in germinated sorghum grains, whereas POX activity increased up to tenfold in some varieties. Zymography revealed that germination induced de novo synthesis of several POX isoenzymes, among which an anionic POX isoenzyme (pI 3.1) was ubiquitously present. Amylase and phenolic enzyme activities could be correlated with grain and plant agronomic characteristics. The use of sorghum varieties for local dishes such as ‘tô’, ‘dolo’, couscous and thin porridge could be correlated with amylase and phenolic enzyme activities and the contents of their substrates. The biochemical constituents determined are useful markers for selection of varieties for food utilisation with special emphasis on infant porridges. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

用于电子领域的高技术玻璃纤维织物

在当今快速发展的不断微型化的先进电子技术领域里,玻璃纤维扮演着一个至关重要的角色,而这样的玻璃纤维织物经过福来斯拿AquaTex设备的处理,可以取得重要和有益的效果。这种新技术可以在不损伤极细的玻璃纤维（直径5μ）情况下,使玻璃纤维织物得到吏高的密度和更均匀的纤维分布。玻璃纤维是印刷电路板增强织物中的基材,所以它在电子市场的走向中起关键的作用。     

Measurements of OVOCs and NMHCs in a Swiss highway tunnel for estimation of road transport emissions

Eighteen oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) and eight nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were measured continuously during a two-week campaign in 2004 in the Gubrist highway tunnel (Switzerland). The study aimed to estimate selected OVOC and NMHC emissions of the current vehicle fleet under highway conditions. For the measured OVOCs the highest EFs were found for ethanol (9.7 mg/km), isopropanol (3.2 mg/km), and acetaldehyde (2.5 mg/km), followed by acetone, benzaldehyde, and acrolein. Formaldehyde, the most abundant OVOC measured in other studies, was not measured by the method applied. Relative emissions of the measured OVOCs were estimated to contribute approximately 6 and 4% to the total road traffic VOC emissions from Switzerland and Europe, respectively. Results are compared with those from previous studies from the same tunnel performed in 1993 and 2002, and from campaigns in other tunnels. A continuous reduction in the emission factors (EFs) was determined for all measured compounds from 1993 until 2004. The relative contributions of light-duty vehicles (LDV) and heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) to the total emissions indicated that OVOCs were mainly produced by the HDVs, whereas LDVs dominated the production of the NMHCs.     

Comparative evaluation of chloroethene dechlorination to ethene by Dehalococcoides-like microorganisms

Reductive dehalogenation of tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), cis-1,2-dichloroethene (DCE), and vinyl chloride (VC) was examined in four cultures containing Dehalococcoides-like microorganisms. Dechlorination and growth kinetics were compared using a Monod growth-rate model for multiple electron acceptor usage with competition. Included were the Victoria mixed culture containing Dehalococcoides species strain VS (from Victoria, TX), the mixed culture KB-1/VC (from southern Ontario), the Pinellas mixed culture (from Pinellas, FL), and D. ethenogenes strain 195. All cultures, with the exception of D. ethenogenes strain 195, grew with VC as catabolic electron acceptor. A dilution method was developed that allows a valid comparison to be made of dehalogenating kinetics between different mixed cultures. Using this procedure, maximum growth rates on VC were found to be similar for strain VS and KB-1/VC (0.42-0.49 +/- 0.02 d(-1)) but slower for the Pinellas culture (0.28 +/- 0.01 d(-1)). The 16S rRNA gene sequences were determined to ensure that no cross contamination between cultures had occurred. Following enrichment of the VC dechlorinating microorganisms on VC, the cultures were amended with DCE, TCE, or PCE. The three mixed cultures failed to dechlorinate PCE or did so very slowly. However, the dilution technique indicated that all experienced growth on TCE and DCE as well as on VC. Maximum growth rates on DCE alone were quite similar (0.43-0.46 d(-1)), while the Pinellas culture grew faster on TCE alone (0.49 d(-1)) than did the other two mixed cultures (0.33-0.35 d(-1)). Half-velocity and inhibition constants for growth on TCE were also determined for the three mixed cultures; both constants were found to be essentially equal and the same for the different cultures, varying between only 8.6 and 10.5 microM. The ability of the strain VS, KB-1/VC, and Pinellas cultures to utilize TCE rapidly with conversion to ethene is quite different from that of any other reported microorganism. It was separately confirmed with more traditional cell-counting techniques that strain VS coupled TCE, as well as DCE and VC, utilization with growth. This is the first report of an organism obtaining energy for growth through every step in the reduction of TCE to ethene. Also, as suggested by the dilution technique, the dehalogenating organisms in the KB-1/VC and Pinellas cultures appear to obtain growth from TCE utilization as well. Such ability to grow while dehalogenating TCE to ethene will be an important advantage for their use in bioaugmentation.     

Measures of overall persistence and the temporal remote state

The overall persistence, Pov, has been suggested as an indicator that integrates single media half-lives and phase partitioning. However, the application of this indicator is hindered by the fact that there are different definitions of Pov and that the most common measure of Pov, the residence time at steady state, depends heavily on the release pattern. Here, different measures are compared that can be used to compute Pov from the mass of a chemical in the environment as a function of time in a dynamic multimedia model. These measures include the equivalence width, which corresponds to the residence time at steady state, the mean value of the function of mass vs time ("mean time"), and the clearance time. The temporal remote state is defined as the state of the model system long after the stop of emissions; it is independent of the release pattern of a chemical. The mean time in the temporal remote state reflects the long-term removal rate of a chemical and is used as a persistence benchmark. Correlations of the three measures of Pov to the persistence benchmark are analyzed. The maximum equivalence width, which is obtained with release to one of the media air, water, or soil, is a good approximation of the mean time in the temporal remote state. Because the maximum equivalence width is identical to the maximum residence time at steady state, the mean time in the temporal remote state can be estimated with existing steady-state models.     

Fleissner非织造布生产线在汽车工业上的应用

介绍了汽车用非织造布的市场及应用情况 ,对用于汽车工业的Fleissner非织造布生产线从原料、设备、生产流程等进行了介绍 ,说明了采用Fleisser非织造布生产线生产的非织造布具有优良的性能 ,可广泛应用于汽车工业领域。