Effect of the zone of plastic deformation of the fractal properties of a fracture surface

In order to determine the effect of the plastic zone on the fractal properties of a fracture surface, specimens of medium-carbon steels are studied after tough and brittle fracture. A fractal analysis is conducted for each specimen by the method of vertical sections. The sizes of the determining parameters of the fractures and plastic zones under the fracture surfaces are determined by measuring the Knoop microhardness. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 21–25, July, 1997.     

Calculated hardenability for improved consistency of properties in heat treatable engineering steels

Hardenability is one of the most important parameters controlling the heat treated properties of engineering steels. It affects the consistency of response for microstructure, hardness, strength, toughness, and dimensional change (distortion). This study illustrates that a major benefit of controlling hardenability is improving the consistency of dimensional distortion resulting from heat treatment. To facilitate the supply of steels to hardenability limits, especially restricted hardenability, a new technique was developed for the prediction of Jominy hardenability from chemical composition. The technique, termed the “Database Method,” uses measured Jominy hardenability and chemical composition data, contained in a database, to calculate the hardenability for a query composition. Using up to ten known steels, selected from the database with compositions closely matching that of the query steel, a small adjustment is made to the measured hardenability of each known steel allowing for the small difference in composition between the query and chosen steel. The final calculated result for the query steel is taken as the average of the various estimates. The basis of the Database Method is explained, and the advantages are illustrated for selecting engineering grades.     

铸铁在700℃时氧化过程的观察

利用光学显微镜、电子探针以及扫描电镜研究了灰铁、球铁和蠕铁在７００℃时的氧化过程。结果表明：（１）灰铁的氧化主要沿石墨与基体的相界面进行，初生奥氏体枝晶对氧的侵入具有一定的阻碍作用；（２）球铁是沿晶界比先氧化来实现其间接氧化的；（３）蠕铁氧化的模式主要取决于蠕化率的高低。     

Regular features of wear in heterogeneous structures of high-strength coatings

High-strength coatings on alloys of various morphology prepared by methods of surface impregnation are effective (wear resistant) in operation and economical in production. The requisite structure, wear resistance, and antifriction properties can be provided by a proper choice of the production technology of the coating and the quality parameters of the triboengineering layers, which determine the operating capacity, namely, the geometric (thickness of the coating and depth of the diffusion zone), structural (porosity, phase composition, substructural components), and physical and mechanical (macro- and microstresses, microhardness) parameters and the strength of cohesion with the substrate.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 6, pp. 21 – 25, June, 1996.     

The Oxidation Behavior of Y2O3-Dispersed β-NiAl

Y₂O₃-dispersed NiAl was produced by a powder-metallurgy process. By adding Y as an oxide dispersion (OD), problems with NiY_x formation and internal oxidation were avoided. Short-term isothermal and cyclic-oxidation performance at 1200°–1500° C was compared to cast NiAl alloys with and without Zr. Results indicate that the Y₂O₃ addition was beneficial to scale adhesion and significantly modified the α-Al₂O₃ scale microstructure, similar to a Zr alloy addition. However, at 1400 and 1500° C, neither the Y₂O₃ or Zr additions changed the scale-growth rate, eliminated the formation of voids at the metal-scale interface or prevented scale spallation. These similarities in performance suggest that similar mechanisms occur when the reactive element is added as either an OD or an alloy addition.     

The Fe-Ni (iron-nickel) system

The online version of the original article can be found at     

On The Measurement of Temperature in Material Removal Processes

Because it is key to understanding the performance of material removal processes and resultant workpiece quality, the measurement of temperature during material removal is done extensively. We review several widely used temperature measurement methods and show how they can be applied to temperature monitoring during material removal. Since there is little documentation on measurement uncertainties as relates to material removal, this paper outlines the physics of each method, detailing the sources and evaluation of uncertainty. Finally, using criteria critical in measuring material removal, methods are compared, and the results presented in guide-format for participants in this field of work.