Fatty acid composition of the fat in selected food items with emphasis on trans components1

The fat in 220 samples from 35 food types has been analyzed for component fatty acids by gas liquid chromatography on a 15-m capillary column coated with SP-2340. The methodology permitted the determination of trans-octadecenoic fatty acids in the food samples. For food types in which the majority of samples containedtrans fatty acids, the range (weight percent of methyl esters) of this class of acids arranged by fat content of the food types was: high fat levels (>70% fat) — animal and dairy fats, 0.3–6.6%, stick margarines, 15.9–31.0%, tub margarines, 6.8–17.6%, and vegetable shortenings, 8.7–35.4%; moderately high fat levels (40–70% fat) —diet margarines, 11.3–13.3%; moderate fat levels (10–40% fat) — breading mixes and fried crusts, 8.1–32.7%, cakes, candies and frostings, 3.2–33.2%, cream substitutes, 0.4–11.5%, cookies, 2.5–34.2%, crackers, 1.9–29.0%, pastries and pastry crusts, 0.6–31.2%, corn and mixed grain snack chips, 0.4–30.4%; low fat levels (<10% fat) - breads and rolls, 0.2–23.6%, pretzels, 10.8–29.2%, and puddings, 28.4-35.1%. The majority of samples in the following food types did not containtrans fatty acids, except in cases where the label indicated partial hydrogenation of the oil: mayonnaises and salad dressings, salad and cooking oils and potato chips. For samples in these three food types which containedtrans fatty acids, the range was 0.2-23.2%. None of the peanut butters or pizza crusts analyzed containedtrans fatty acids.     

谷糠多酚对酒精性胃黏膜损伤的保护作用

目的：初步阐明谷糠多酚对酒精性胃黏膜损伤的保护作用以及具体分子机制,为谷糠多酚在饮酒人群胃黏膜损伤营养干预方面的应用提供科学依据。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠连续3 周每天灌胃50 mg/kg mb谷糠多酚,干预结束后通过灌胃体积分数75%乙醇溶液建立急性酒精性胃黏膜损伤模型;利用不同剂量（1～15 μg/mL）谷糠多酚对人胃黏膜上皮细胞（GES-1）处理24 h,继而通过1 000 mmol/L酒精继续作用12 h建立酒精性GES-1细胞损伤及干预模型;通过解剖观察大鼠胃组织形态学及病理结构,评价谷糠多酚对大鼠胃黏膜组织的保护作用;结合细胞形态变化及存活情况评价谷糠多酚对GES-1细胞的保护作用;通过测定氧化应激和细胞凋亡相关指标,评价谷糠多酚对急性酒精性胃黏膜损伤大鼠及GES-1细胞的抗氧化和抑制凋亡能力的影响。结果：谷糠多酚可以有效预防酒精引起的大鼠胃黏膜及GES-1细胞损伤,极显著缓解酒精引起的GES-1细胞活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平升高（P＜0.01）;同时极显著缓解大鼠胃黏膜组织和GES-1细胞中丙二醛（methane dicarboxylic aldehyde,MDA）水平升高（P＜0.01）,提高超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活力,明显抑制酒精引起的细胞凋亡。结论：谷糠多酚能够通过缓解酒精引起的胃黏膜上皮细胞氧化损伤从而保护胃黏膜。     

棉籽壳木聚糖提取液的脱色工艺研究

以伊犁产棉籽壳为原料,比较3种活性炭和3种阴离子交换树脂对棉籽壳木聚糖提取液的脱色效果,确定了最佳脱色条件.结果表明:LY-T-ac型活性炭和D392型阴离子交换树脂对棉籽壳木聚糖液有较好的脱色效果.D392型阴离子交换树脂最佳脱色条件为:脱色温度50℃、pH8.0、脱色时间180 min(150 r/min),在树脂添加量为75 g/L、糖液固形物含量为6％时,脱色率为93.66％.LY-T-ac型活性炭最佳脱色条件为:脱色温度80℃、pH5.0、脱色时间70 min(150 r/min),在活性炭添加量为3g/L、固形物含量为6％时,脱色率为93.51％.     

Spice Quality: Effect of Cryogenic and Ambient Grinding on Volatiles

Interest in the production of high-quality spice products has encouraged scientists to investigate the effects of cryogenic milling on spice quality. Gas chromatographic analyses of ether extracts, direct headspace samples and traditional volatile oil determinations accompanied by sensory analyses of the spices were made to determine if cryogenically milled spices were comparable to ambiently milled spices. Results indicated that cryogenically milled spices retained more of the volatiles of the natural spice. Untrained odor panelists were able to detect differences in some ambiently and cryogenically milled spices.     

铅锌尾矿重金属释放影响因素的探讨

铅锌尾矿废渣若不经过处理,会通过风蚀、径流对环境造成重金属污染,对尾矿废渣污染的研究一直是大家关注的方向。多年来,pH被证实是影响重金属释放的重要因素。本文通过实验,研究了浸提方法、pH和盐度对铅锌尾矿废渣重金属元素释放的影响。结果表明,Pb、Zn、Cd、As在pH值呈酸性和碱性时浸出率都较高,Cu、Ni则在pH值为碱性时浸出率更高,盐度对Pb的释放影响效果更为明显。     

蛋白质、蛋白酶以及短肽类的分离提纯技术及应用

介绍了蛋白质、蛋白酶以及短肽类研究的一些传统方法和新兴方法。主要对分离、提纯、鉴定及分析方法的使用条件、适用范围、操作步骤、各自特点和应用价值作了简要阐述,并对有关方法进行了比较与评价。     

A MARANTHUS CRUENTUS LECTIN: PURIFICATION, STABILITY, AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Amaranth lectin from Amaranthus cruentus seeds was isolated, purified and partially characterized. The purification method used was based on its ability to interact with fetuin. Effects of temperature, pH and buffers and concentration were determined by measurement of lectin hemagglutination activity. Amaranth lectin biological activity was best maintained at temperatures between 4 and 30°C and pH's above or below 5. It was possible to store amaranth lectin at 4°C in acetate buffers, pH 4.8, for prolonged periods and to concentrate it 10-fold by ultrafiltration with only 18% loss of activity. A subunit molecular weight of 32,500 daltons was determined by SDS-PAGE for amaranth lectin.     

Assessment of risk for severe hypoglycemia among adults with IDDM: validation of the low blood glucose index

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical/research utility of the low blood glucose index (LBGI), a measure of the risk of severe hypoglycemia (SH), based on self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: There were 96 adults with IDDM (mean age 35+/-8 years, duration of diabetes 16+/-10 years, HbA1 8.6+/-1.8%), 43 of whom had a recent history of SH (53 did not), who used memory meters for 135+/-53 SMBG readings over a month, and then for the next 6 months recorded occurrence of SH. The SMBG data were mathematically transformed, and an LBGI was computed for each patient. RESULTS: The two patient groups did not differ with respect to HbA1, insulin units per day, average blood glucose (BG) and BG variability. Patients with history of SH demonstrated a higher LBGI (P < 0.0005) and a trend to be older with longer diabetes duration. Analysis of odds for future SH classified patients into low- (LBGI <2.5), moderate- (LBGI 2.5-5), and high- (LBGI >5) risk groups. Over the following 6 months low-, moderate-, and high-risk patients reported 0.4, 2.3, and 5.2 SH episodes, respectively (P = 0.001). The frequency of future SH was predicted by the LBGI and history of SH (R2 = 40%), while HbA1, age, duration of diabetes, and BG variability were not significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS: LBGI provides an accurate assessment of risk of SH. In the traditional relationship history of SH-to-future SH, LBGI may be the missing link that reflects present risk. Because it is based on SMBG records automatically stored by many reflectance meters, the LBGI is an effective and clinically useful on-line indicator for SH risk.