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51.
BACKGROUND: Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is a proinflammatory cytokine found in abundance in diseased intestine. AIMS: The T cell production of TNF-alpha and the impact of this cytokine on intestinal T cell proliferation, migration, and cytotoxicity were studied. METHODS: Intestinal lymphocytes from normal jejunum were used. TNF-alpha production in culture supernates was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lymphocyte proliferation was measured using 3H thymidine uptake; migration, using transwell chambers; and cytotoxicity of HT-29 colon cancer cells, using the chromium-51 release assay. RESULTS: TNF-alpha was produced mainly by the CD8+ T cells in the intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and the CD4+ T cells in the lamina propria lymphocytes in response to CD2 stimulation: 478 (94) and 782 (136) pg/ml, respectively. TNF-alpha (1 ng/ml or greater) augmented proliferation of IEL in response to interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-7, or antibody to CD3 due to increased activation that did not involve IL-2 production or receptor generation. Conversely, antibody to TNF-alpha reduced IEL proliferation in response to IL-2 or IL-7. TNF-alpha also induced calcium mobilisation and chemokinesis (by 2.8 (0.5) fold over spontaneous migration). TNF-alpha had no effect on lymphokine activated killer cell activity. CONCLUSIONS: TNF-alpha increases the proliferation and migration of IEL, which may expand their number in the epithelium. 相似文献
52.
The specific heat at constant volume cv shows a weak singularity at the critical point. Renormalization group techniques have been applied, predicting a universal critical behavior which has to be experimentally confirmed for different systems. In this paper an experiment is presented to measure the specific heat of SF6 along the critical isochore (c=0.737 g·cm–3), applying a continuous heating method. The results cover a temperature span of –1.5×10–2< <1.70×10–2 [=(T–T
c)/T
c] and were strongly affected by gravity effects that emerge in the sample of 1-mm hydrostatic height near the critical point. Using regression analysis, data were fitted with functions of the form c
v/R=A × ¦¦– + B for the one-phase state and c
v/R=A × ¦¦– + B for the twophase state. Within their error bounds the critical values (==0.098, A/A=1.83) represent the measurements for the temperature span 3.5×10–5< ¦¦<2.0×10
–3, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. In order to exclude density profiles in the specimen, which are unavoidable in terrestrial experiments due to the high compressibility of fluids at the critical point and the gravity force, a space-qualified scanning ratio calorimeter has been constructed, which will permit long-term cv measurements under microgravity (-g) conditions. The experiment will be part of the German Spacelab mission in October 1985. The significant features of the apparatus are briefly sketched.Paper presented at the Ninth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 24–27, 1985, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. 相似文献
53.
Mass transfer rates were determined in a 3.4 cm i.d. trickle-bed reactor in the absence of reaction by absorption measurements and in presence of reaction. Gas flow rates were varied from 0-100 l/h and liquid flow rates from 0-1.5 l/h. The catalyst particles were crushed to an average diameter of 0.054 and 0.09 cm. Mass transfer coefficients remained unaffected by change in gas flow rate but increased with liquid rate. The data from absorption measurements were evaluated with predictions based upon plug-flow and axial dispersion model. Mass transfer coefficients were found greater in case of axial dispersion model than that of plug-flow model specially at low Reynolds number (Re1 < 1).Hydrogenation of α-methylstyrene to cumene using a Pd/Al2O3 catalyst was taken as a model reaction. Intrinsic kinetic studies were made in a laboratory-stirred-autoclave. Mass transfer coefficients were determined using these intrinsic kinetic data from the process kinetic measurements in trickle-bed reactor. Mass transfer coefficients under reaction conditions were found to be considerably higher than those obtained by absorption measurements.Correlations were suggested for predicting mass transfer coefficients at low Reynolds number.The gas to liquid mass transfer coefficients for lower gas and liquid flow rates were determined in a laboratory trickle-bed reactor. The effect of axial dispersion on mass transfer was considered in order to evaluate the experimental data. Three correlations were formulated to calculate the mass transfer coefficients, which included the effect of liquid loading, particle size and the properties of the reacting substances. The gas flow rate influences the gas to liquid mass transfer only in the region of low gas velocities. In the additional investigations of gas to liquid mass transfer without reaction in trickle-bed reactor, the mass transfer coefficients were determined under reaction conditions and the intrinsic kinetics was studied in a laboratory scale stirred autoclave with suspended catalyst. A few correlations are formulated for the mass transfer coefficients. A comparison with the gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient obtained by absorption measurements showed considerable deviations, which were illustrated phenomenologically. 相似文献
54.
The existence of fullerenes (as allotropes of carbon) was established in the mid-1980s and during the last 15–18 years, systematic efforts have been devoted to improve the methods of their synthesis, including plasma-based system methods. The work presented here is focused on the investigation of fullerenes synthesis, using a radio frequency plasma reactor. The main objectives were to explore the use of induction plasma technology for the synthesis in-continuo of carbon fullerenes and to predict their formation conditions through conduct of theoretical studies. Thus, a thermodynamic study was carried out to predict the equilibrium composition of fullerenes produced at several combinations of operating conditions. Additionally, a statistical factorial design experiment, employing four factors at two levels, was also developed, in order to study the influence of the system’s operating parameters on the eventual C60 fullerene yield. The results obtained showed that the reactor pressure, the electrical power and the raw material feed rates all have an important effect on the synthesis of fullerenes. The highest C60 concentration in the products was found to be about 7.7 wt.%. Various other carbon nanostructures, such as nanotubes and nano-onions, were also successfully produced. 相似文献
55.
56.
The weight average molecular weight Mw of a mixture of two polystyrenes with very high and relatively low molecular weights (Mw = 16.1 · 106 and 98 · 103 g/mole), as a model for polymers containing microgel, was determined by ultracentrifugation with the ARCHIBALD-methode. Mw decreases with increasing number of rotation N. The exact molecular weight can only be determined by extrapolation to N = 0. This value depends nearly completely on the molecular weight and weight percentage of the “microgel”. It is not suitable for the characterization of the whole sample. 相似文献
57.
Willard A. Cutler Frank W. Zok Fred F. Lange 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1996,79(7):1825-1833
Several different hybrid laminated composites comprised of alternating layers of dense ceramic sheets (either SiC or Si3 N4 ) and fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix-composite (CMC) layers (Nicalon fibers with either glass or glass-ceramic matrices) have been fabricated and characterized. The effects of the reinforcement architecture (unidirectional vs cross-ply) and the relative volume fractions of the phases on the tensile and flexural properties have been examined. Comparisons have been made with the properties of the constituent layers. Rudimentary models have been developed to describe the onset of cracking and for the minimum volume fraction of CMC required to develop multiple cracks and thus obtain a high failure strain. 相似文献
58.
High-Strength Zirconia Fibers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David B. Marshall F. F. Lange Peter D. Morgan 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1987,70(8):187-C
Fine-grained polycrystalline zirconia fibers have been formed from an acetate precursor. The fibers contained a Y2 O3 additive, which inhibited grain growth (grain size ≤0.5 μm) and allowed the tetragonal phase to be retained at room temperature. Fibers with diameters in the range 2 to 5 μm had strengths in the range 1.5 to 2.6 GPa. 相似文献
59.
Erik E Luther Fred F. Lange Dale S. Pearson 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1995,78(8):2009-2014
Two different methods are used to coat silicon nitride particles with an alumina precursor to make Si3 N4 behave like Al2 O3 in aqueous slurries. The first method involves the precipitation of an aluminum hydroxycarbonate from dissolved Al(NO3 )3 during the decomposition of urea. In the second method, dry silicon nitride powder is reacted with aluminum tri- sec -butoxide in hexane at room temperature. Both methods produce a coated powder in which the electrophoretic and rheological properties of aqueous slurries mimic those of alumina. When salt is added to slurries consisting of coated Si3 N4 powder, all rheological evidence suggests the presence of a short-range repulsive potential that produces a weakly attractive particle network similar to that previously reported for Al2 O3 powder. Although electrophoretic and rheological data showed that the coated powder behaved like Al2 O3 , consolidation data indicated that slurries of coated powder with added salt did not pack to high density. In addition, these bodies were not plastic as found for bodies consolidated from dispersed and salt-added Al2 O3 slurries. 相似文献
60.
Mari Lou Balmer Fred F. Lange Carlos G. Levi 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1994,77(8):2069-2075
Aqueous solutions of zirconium acetate and aluminum nitrate were spray pyrolyzed at 250°C and upquenched to different temperatures to yield metastable solid solutions of composition Zr(1− x ) Alx O(2− x /2) . An amorphous oxide forms first during pyrolysis which subsequently crystallizes as a single phase for x ≤ 0.57 (≤40 mol% Al2 O3 ). The crystallization temperature increased with Al2 O3 content. Electron diffraction, supported by Raman spectroscopy, indicates that the initial phase is tetragonal. At higher temperatures, the initial solid solation partitions to other metastable phases, viz., t -ZrO2 +γ-Al2 O3 , prior to achieving their equilibrium phase assemblage, m -ZrO2 +α-Al2 O3 . Partitioning yields a nanocomposite microstructure with grain sizes of 20–100 nm, compared to the 3 to 5 nm in the initial, single phase. Compositions containing 45 to 50 mol% Al2 O3 concurrently crystallize and partition. The structure selected during crystallization and the partitioning phenomena are discussed in terms of diffusional constraints during crystallization, which are conceptually similar to those operating during rapid solidification. 相似文献