Shot-noise limited,supercontinuum-based optical coherence tomography

We present the first demonstration of shot-noise limited supercontinuum-based spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with an axial resolution of ...     

The Pro-Inflammatory Deletion Allele of the NF-κB1 Polymorphism Is Characterized by a Depletion of Subunit p50 in Sepsis

The functionally important NF-κB1 promoter polymorphism (−94ins/delATTG) significantly shapes inflammation and impacts the outcome of sepsis. However, exploratory studies elucidating the molecular link of this genotype-dependent pattern are lacking. Accordingly, we analyzed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both healthy volunteers (n = 20) and septic patients (n = 10). All individuals were genotyped for the −94ins/delATTG NF-κB1 promoter polymorphism. We found a diminished nuclear activity of the NF-κB subunit p50 in ID/DD genotypes after 48 h of lipopolysaccharide stimulation compared to II genotypes (p = 0.025). This was associated with higher TNF-α (p = 0.005) and interleukin 6 concentrations (p = 0.014) and an increased production of mitochondrial radical oxygen species in ID/DD genotypes (p = 0.001). Although ID/DD genotypes showed enhanced activation of mitochondrial biogenesis, they still had a significantly diminished cellular ATP content (p = 0.046) and lower mtDNA copy numbers (p = 0.010) compared to II genotypes. Strikingly, these findings were mirrored in peripheral blood mononuclear cells taken from septic patients. Our results emphasize the crucial aspect of considering NF-κB subunits in sepsis. We showed here that the deletion allele of the NF-κB1 (−94ins/delATTG) polymorphism was associated with the lower nuclear activity of subunit p50, which, in turn, was associated with aggravated inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction.     

Vertrauensvolle E-Mail-Kommunikation

Der ?elektronische Brief“ bzw. die elektronische Mail (E-Mail) ist seit über 30 Jahren im privaten wie beruflichen Umfeld im Einsatz. Behörden, Steuerbüros, Krankenhäuser, Finanzinstitute und viele weitere Gruppen versenden und empfangen E-Mails, um Informationen auszutauschen. Innerhalb kurzer Zeit findet eine E-Mail ihren Weg vom Sender in Deutschland zum Empfänger in beispielsweise den USA. Wie funktioniert das? Und was hat es mit E-Mail-Verschlüsselung auf sich? Dieser Artikel betrachtet die grundlegende technische Funktionsweise der E-Mail sowie Hintergründe und Funktionsweise der Verschlüsselung mit S/MIME und PGP.