Exact Analysis of the Wire-Bonded Multiconductor Transmission Line

In this paper, the exact model of a multiconductor transmission line with bonding wires is presented. The model is based on the multiport admittance matrix, and is valid for any number of conductors in the structure. The model shows how to compute the two-port admittance matrix of the wire-bonded structure with direct application to the wire-bonded interdigital capacitor. The model has been validated by means of method-of-moments-based numerical simulation and by experimental work.     

在65nm及以下节点获得良好的互连可靠性

尽管互连尺寸在不断地等比例缩小,同时也会用到更加多孔的低k材料,工程师们还是在设法满足互连的可靠性规范。VLSI电路,特别是高性能逻辑器件的不断等比例缩小,推动着对低k材料和铜互连的需求,以降低RC延迟、串扰噪声和功耗。     

Analysis and Design Procedure of Transmission-Line Transformers

Transmission-line transformers are devices used to match RF and microwave devices, to make the conversion balanced-unbalanced, or both things simultaneously. Transmission-line transformers are mandatory at frequencies where traditional magnetic coupling transformers do not operate properly. In this paper, a procedure to design transmission-line transformers with different configurations is presented. The procedure is based on the theoretical analysis of the device and has been validated via experimental study.     

Images of a First‐Order Spin‐Reorientation Phase Transition in a Metallic Kagome Ferromagnet

First‐order phase transitions, where one phase replaces another by virtue of a simple crossing of free energies, are best known between solids, liquids, and vapors, but they also occur in a wide range of other contexts, including even elemental magnets. The key challenges are to establish whether a phase transition is indeed first order, and then to determine how the new phase emerges because this will determine thermodynamic and electronic properties. Here it is shown that both challenges are met for the spin reorientation transition in the topological metallic ferromagnet Fe₃Sn₂. The magnetometry and variable temperature magnetic force microscopy experiments reveal that, analogous to the liquid–gas transition in the temperature–pressure plane, this transition is centered on a first‐order line terminating in a critical end point in the field‐temperature plane. The nucleation and growth associated with the transition is directly imaged, indicating that the new phase emerges at the most convoluted magnetic domain walls for the high temperature phase and then moves to self‐organize at the domain centers of the high temperature phase. The dense domain patterns and phase coexistence imply a complex inhomogenous electronic structure, which can yield anomalous contributions to the electrical conductivity.     

Conductive Anodic Filament Formation Part II: Electrochemical Reactions Leading to CAF

Conductive anodic filament (CAF) formation has been studied for a number of years, but the mechanism of its formation has not previously been defined. In 2002, Ready identified CAF as atacamite, Cu₂(OH)₃Cl. Electrochemical studies have shown that both CuCl and CuCl ₂ ^? participate in the formation of Cu₂(OH)₃Cl, with the predominating species being CuCl. This paper proposes a mechanism for CAF formation based on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The data show that CuCl is the precursor to the formation of Cu₂(OH)₃Cl in the presence of oxygen and water. Earlier, Meeker and Lu Valle had proposed that CAF failure is best represented by two competing reactions: the formation of a copper chloride corrosion compound (now identified as Cu₂(OH)₃Cl) and the formation of innocuous trapped chlorine compounds. Since no evidence of any trapped chloride compounds has been found, we propose that the formation of CAF is best represented by a single nonreversible reaction.     

Insights into the In Vitro Formation of Apatite from Mg-Stabilized Amorphous Calcium Carbonate

A protein-free formation of bone-like apatite from amorphous precursors through ball-milling is reported. Mg²⁺ ions are crucial to achieve full amorphization of CaCO₃. Mg²⁺ incorporation generates defects which strongly retard a recrystallization of ball-milled Mg-doped amorphous calcium carbonate (BM-aMCC), which promotes the growth of osteoblastic and endothelial cells in simulated body fluid and has no effect on endothelial cell gene expression. Ex situ snapshots of the processes revealed the reaction mechanisms. For low Mg contents (<30%) a two phase system consisting of Mg-doped amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and calcite “impurities” was formed. For high (>40%) Mg²⁺ contents, BM-aMCC follows a different crystallization path via magnesian calcite and monohydrocalcite to aragonite. While pure ACC crystallizes rapidly to calcite in aqueous media, Mg-doped ACC forms in the presence of phosphate ions bone-like hydroxycarbonate apatite (dahllite), a carbonate apatite with carbonate substitution in both type A (OH⁻) and type B (PO₄³⁻) sites, which grows on calcite “impurities” via heterogeneous nucleation. This process produces an endotoxin-free material and makes BM-aMCC an excellent “ion storage buffer” that promotes cell growth by stimulating cell viability and metabolism with promising applications in the treatment of bone defects and bone degenerative diseases.     

DFM“共用平台”技术的进展

新加坡特许半导体制造有限公司的J．B．Tan不久将推出五大成品率及可靠性问题的解决方案，结合多层互连结构及铜和低k介质集成。工程师们在互连工艺向批量生产过渡之前对这些问题进行了验证，并在6月5-7日在加州Burlingame举行的“国际互连技术会议”中推出研究成果。     

Dynamic multicast link selections for buffer‐aided relaying networks

The management of small cell is considered a key point in next‐generation cellular networks for providing higher data rates, and the relay nodes are expected to be useful to improve the coverage area. Moreover, multicast services have gained importance to disseminate common data to subscribers. The use of buffer‐aided relay for multicast communications is analysed in the paper, and different policies to perform the optimal link selections are compared. These policies are based on the knowledge of the instantaneous link quality indicators as well as the status of the relay buffer and dynamically select the better link according to a suitable probabilistic criterion by improving the aggregate multicast flows. The parameters of these multicast policies are optimized via a Markov chain theoretical framework. The performance for all the proposed methods is analytically derived and validated through computer simulations conducted in different multicast scenarios. The advantages of the proposed schemes are pointed out in terms of multicast throughput, buffer occupancy for different buffer and multicast group size. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design of a Web Based Underwater Acoustic Communication Testbed and Simulation Platform

Wireless Personal Communications - Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are playing a vital role in exploring the unseen underwater (UW) natural resources. However, performance evaluation of...     

Understanding Sexual Objectification: A Comprehensive Approach Toward Media Exposure and Girls' Internalization of Beauty Ideals,Self‐Objectification,and Body Surveillance

The relationship between exposure to sexually objectifying music television, primetime television programs, fashion magazines, and social networking sites and the internalization of beauty ideals, self‐objectification, and body surveillance was examined among adolescent girls (N = 558). A structural equation model showed direct relationships between sexually objectifying media and the internalization of beauty ideals, and indirect relationships between sexually objectifying media and self‐objectification, and body surveillance through the internalization of beauty ideals. The direct relationships between sexually objectifying media and the internalization of beauty ideals, self‐objectification, and body surveillance differed across the types of sexually objectifying media. The discussion focuses on the implications of these findings to explain self‐objectification among girls.