Identification of a novel endogenous memory facilitating cyclic dipeptide cyclo-prolylglycine in rat brain

Using high-performance liquid chromatography, gas-chromatography and chromato-mass spectrometry methods a novel endogenous cyclic dipeptide cyclo-prolylglycine was identified in rat brain. Its content according to gas chromatography is 2.8 +/- 0.3 nmol/g wet brain. Synthetic cyclo-prolylglycine has demonstrated antiamnesic activity in the passive avoidance test in rats at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.p. Cyclic dipeptide cyclo-prolylglycine seems to be a memory facilitating substance and its presence in rat brain suggests the existence of a new mechanism of memory regulation.     

Agreement between rectal and tympanic membrane temperatures in marathon runners

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the agreement between rectal temperature and infrared tympanic membrane temperatures in marathon runners presenting to a field hospital at the finish line. METHODS: The subjects of this prospective, blinded, controlled study were runners 18 years or older who were triaged to the acute care medical area at the finish line for suspected hypothermia, hyperthermia, dehydration, or altered mental status. Rectal and tympanic temperatures were measured simultaneously in all subjects for whom rectal temperature measurement had been deemed necessary and recorded on separate data cards. RESULTS: Of the 239 runners treated in the acute care medical area, 37 required rectal temperature measurement and were enrolled in the study. The mean rectal temperature was 38.45 degrees +/- 1.20 degrees C (range, 35.9 degrees to 41.5 degrees C). The mean tympanic membrane temperature was 37.81 degrees +/- 95 degrees C (range, 36.3 degrees to 40.4 degrees C). Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed a moderate correlation (r = .6902, P = .00023). The mean temperature difference between the two thermometers, mean rectal minus mean tympanic membrane, was .64 degrees C (95% confidence interval, .35 degrees to .93 degrees C). Sixty-Two percent of the tympanic membrane readings were within 1 degree C of their rectal counterparts. Agreement ranged from 1.16 degrees (+2 SD) to -2.95 degrees (-2 SD). The 95% confidence interval was 1.67 degrees to -2.95 degrees C. CONCLUSION: We were able to demonstrate only a moderate correlation between the two thermometer readings, with a wide spread between the limits of agreement. This spread could be clinically significant and therefore limits the usefulness of tympanic temperature in the marathon race setting. Because of the potentially large and clinically significant differences in rectal and tympanic temperatures and the limitations inherent in our study, we cannot endorse the use of tympanic temperature in the setting of a marathon event.     

The use of alisat for correction of level of lipids and their peroxidation products in blood of patients with atherosclerosis

A simple and easy assay for plasma heparin measurement (international units/ml) is described. The method is based upon the heparin neutralization and titration by polybrene. Heparin biological activity is measured first by activated partial thromboplastin time prolongment and then by means of polybrene titration: plasma heparin concentration was evaluated in international units/ml (IU/ml). The design and properties of this method are reported. Application in clinical practice of monitoring heparinization during hemodialysis is evaluated.     

Olfaction and the homing ability of pigeons in the southeastern United States

The importance of atmospheric odors for homing pigeon navigation was tested using birds from a loft located in Savannah, GA, in the southeastern United States. When released from a familiar training site, control pigeons and pigeons given intranasal injections of zinc sulfate to produce anosmia both displayed good homeward orientation and homed quickly. When released from three unfamiliar release sites, in contrast, control birds tended to orient southeast, while zinc sulfate-treated birds were more likely to fly northwest. More importantly, while the majority of control pigeons returned to the home loft, few of the zinc sulfate-treated birds returned. The good performance of both groups from the familiar site indicates that zinc sulfate treatment does not impair the general motor ability or motivation of homing pigeons. Therefore, the observed impairment in homing success of the zinc sulfate-treated pigeons from the unfamiliar locations presumably reflects an impaired ability to use atmospheric odors to navigate home. As such, the data support the hypothesis that successful homing pigeon navigation is based on the perception of atmospheric odors and that olfactory navigation is the primary mechanism used by pigeons over a broad range of geographic areas to approximate their relative position with respect to home from unfamiliar locations.     

Organization of the genetic locus for chicken myosin light chain kinase is complex: multiple proteins are encoded and exhibit differential expression and localization

We report that the genetic locus that encodes vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and kinase-related protein (KRP) has a complex arrangement and a complex pattern of expression. Three proteins are encoded by 31 exons that have only one variation, that of the first exon of KRP, and the genomic locus spans approximately 100 kb of DNA. The three proteins can differ in their relative abundance and localization among tissues and with development. MLCK is a calmodulin (CaM) regulated protein kinase that phosphorylates the light chain of myosin II. The chicken has two MLCK isoforms encoded by the MLCK/KRP locus. KRP does not bind CaM and is not a protein kinase. However, KRP binds to and regulates the structure of myosin II. Thus, KRP and MLCK have the same subcellular target, the myosin II molecular motor system. We examined the tissue and cellular localization of KRP and MLCK in the chicken embryo and in adult chicken tissues. We report on the selective localization of KRP and MLCK among and within tissues and on a differential distribution of the proteins between embryonic and adult tissues. The results fill a void in our knowledge about the organization of the MLCK/KRP genetic locus, which appears to be a late evolving regulatory paradigm, and suggest an independent and complex regulation of expression of the gene products from the MLCK/KRP genetic locus that may reflect a basic principle found in other eukaryotic gene clusters that encode functionally linked proteins.     

The prediction of the breeding value of poultry from the intensity of the early ontogeny processes

Theoretical approaches to the estimation of shaping processes intensity in the early ontogenesis in poultry based on the parameters of growth intensity and uniformity have been considered. It is shown that the indices of growth uniformity defined during the 1st-3rd weeks of life have a significant correlation with the final live weight at the age of 7-8 weeks. This opens new prospects in prediction of the poultry flesh productivity.     

Comparison of the effectiveness of various comprehensive treatments for locally advanced breast cancer

OBJECTIVE: Auditory testing is not routinely performed within 4-6 weeks after stapedotomy, because hearing acuity is thought to be transiently depressed. In rare circumstances, postsurgical auditory and vestibular complaints may lead one to test hearing soon after stapedotomy. The early postoperative effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) and potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) lasers, which now are routinely used to perform stapedotomies, have not been reported. The purpose of this report is to present normative data for auditory thresholds measured within 2 weeks of laser stapedotomy. STUDY DESIGN: The study design was a prospective, unblinded study. SETTING: The study was conducted at three academic medical centers. PATIENTS: Thirty-six subjects undergoing 38 stapedotomies for otosclerosis by 5 surgeons participated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Behavioral audiometry was performed using standard techniques beginning before surgery and continuing through > 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: The CO2 laser was used in 26 stapedotomies and the KTP laser was used in 12. Nine cases were revision procedures. Bone conduction pure-tone averages and speech discrimination scores did not worsen during the early postoperative period. Bone conduction at 250 and 4,000 Hz dropped slightly within the first 2 weeks (-4.3 and -6.7 dB) but recovered thereafter. Bone conduction at 1,000 Hz actually improved within the first week after surgery (+6.2 dB, p = 0.021). Significant improvements in air conduction thresholds (and air-bone gap) were seen at the second week and late audiometry. The results for CO2 and KTP laser-treated groups were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Cochlear function is not significantly depressed in the early postoperative period after laser (CO2 or KTP) stapedotomy.     

The clinical aspects of hydrocephalus in children

The removal of tooth structure during preparation results in varying degrees of pulpal hyperemia. The ability of the pulpal tissue to respond either by recovery or degeneration depends in part upon the adequacy and fit of the provisional restoration. The response of the gingival tissue also depends on a large degree on the success of the temporary coverage. Provisional restorations are commonly given less attention and importance thereby biologic, mechanical, and esthetic considerations are not adequately met. Since a provisional restoration must be made or improvised during the same appointment in which the abutment teeth are prepared, costly chairside time most often leads to an unacceptable restoration. Failures such as color instability, color incompatibility, inappropriate anatomic contours, fractures, occlusal disharmony, changes in tooth position, gingival inflammation, and unhealthy periodontal conditions are usually encountered. A technique of fabricating an exacting provisional restoration with compliance to optimum quality is presented.