Antioxidant capacity and functionality of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) flour and crust in a new kind of fruity ice cream

In this study, the influence of milled crust and flour from oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) separately added at different levels (1%, 2% and 3%) on the physical, chemical, sensory, colour properties and antioxidant properties of ice creams were investigated. The increment of crust and flour level caused an increase of dry matter, acidity, viscosity, first dripping, complete melting and vitamin C content. Flour increased overrun values in ice cream. Our results indicated that lyophilised oleaster extracts contain remarkable phenolic compounds. It was observed that lyophilised oleaster extracts exhibited a moderate in vitro antioxidant capacity. The addition of oleaster flour and crust positively affected sensory properties. The sensory results showed that ice cream containing 2% oleaster flour was the highest scored by the panellists. Oleaster flour and crust increased the sweetness of ice cream samples. These results showed that considerable nutritive and functional improvement could be attained by the addition of oleaster flour to ice cream formulation so that it could be used as natural antioxidants in ice cream as a source of flavour with complacency.     

An implementation methodology for supervisory control theory

In this study, a methodology for PLC implementation of Supervisory Control Theory is introduced and realized on a pneumatic manufacturing system. The implementation methodology resolves the problem of avalanche effect and enhances program readability. We use local modular approach, which exploits modular structure of the plant and of the specifications. Local modular approach, together with the implementation methodology presented in this study provides an effective way for synthesizing and realizing supervisors for Discrete Event Systems (DES) control problems. The resulting PLC program is also modular in structure, making it handable for modification and error detection.     

Synthesis of copolymers of methoxy polyethylene glycol acrylate and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid: Its characterization and application as superplasticizer in concrete

Water-soluble copolymers of methoxy polyethylene glycol acrylate (mPEGA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) were synthesized by free radicalic polymerization and evaluated as slump-retaining dispersant for cement particles. The slump-retaining effect of the synthesized copolymers was studied in terms of reaction pH, composition, and molecular weight of mPEG side chains. mPEG grafted copolymers (mPEGA-co-AMPS) were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR. In this study, dilute solution viscometry measurements were performed to compare the molecular weight effect on fluidity of the copolymers and mechanical properties of the mortar samples prepared by the copolymers were investigated to determine the flexural strength and compressive strengths. It was observed that the reaction pH had a noticeable effect on the molecular weight of the PEG-grafted samples thus causing a significant effect on fluidity. mPEGA-co-AMPS synthesized at a pH of 6 has given the highest fluidity result. Copolymers with mPEG side chains with a molecular weight of 1100 gave higher fluidity and viscosity average molecular weight values than the copolymers with mPEG 2000 side chains. Furthermore, for all the samples tested in this research, increase in molecular weight caused an increase in fluidity, however, a decrease in mechanical properties due to the different air contents of these copolymers.     

Oleogel production based on binary and ternary mixtures of sodium caseinate,xanthan gum,and guar gum: Optimization of hydrocolloids concentration and drying method

We report the optimization of oleogel formulation based on sodium caseinate (CN, 0–4 g/100 g), xanthan gum (XG, 0–1 g/100 g), guar gum (GG, 0–1 g/100 g), and drying method (freeze and oven drier) using response surface methodology to achieve the desired oil binding capacity, textural, and rheological attributes. All the selected responses were successfully fitted by a quadratic model with determination coefficient values higher than .95 with the exception of firmness values which was fitted by linear model. There were considerable increases in all the responses for the samples containing ternary mixtures of protein-gum (CN:XG:GG) as well as binary mixtures (CN:GG and CN:XG) compared to samples containing protein or gums alone due to the synergistic effect of CN and gums on formation of highly ordered and strong gel network. Regression modeling demonstrated that freeze drying method led to significantly greater structure recovery values than those of oven drying method. The best formulation was the freeze dried oleogel containing 4 g/100 g CN, 0.43 g/100 g XG, and 0.98 g/100 g GG. Results showed that fabrication of oleogels with at least 94.5 g/100 g sunflower oil and characteristics similar to industrial shortening is feasible.     

Seasonal changes in the total fatty acid composition of Vimba, Vimbavimba tenella (Nordmann, 1840) in Eğirdir Lake,Turkey

Total fatty acid compositions and its seasonal variations in Vimba, Vimba vimba tenella (Nordmann, 1840) in E?irdir Lake, which is the second largest freshwater lake in Turkey, were investigated by a gas chromatographic method. Twenty seven different fatty acids were determined in the composition of Vimba vimba tenella. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were found to be in higher amounts than saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in all seasons. Oleic acid (C18:1 n9) was the major MUFA in all seasons. Palmitic acid (C16:0) was identified as the major SFA in all four seasons. Arachidonic acid (C20:4 n6), docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n3), linoleic acid (C18:2 n6), and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n3) were at the highest levels among the PUFAs. In the present study, n-3/n-6 ratios were found to be 1.4,1.5,1.2 and 1.4 in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Vimba vimba tenella may be a valuable food for human consumption in terms of fatty acids.     

Location of Munsell colors in the RAL Design System

Color order systems are used in various areas concerned with color such as education, color design, and industry. Their nomenclature provides a reliable tool for specification and communication of color appearance. Two of the most widely used color order systems are the Munsell Color System and the RAL Design System. When using both color systems, it would be useful to convert the nomenclature from one to the other. The goal of this study is to define solely the location of Munsell colors in the RAL Design System and to obtain helpful data in case of use both color systems. In accordance with this purpose, the RAL equivalents of certain Munsell colors are determined and the possibility of naming RAL colors by unambiguous adjectives is researched. This study is limited with the definition of RAL equivalents of certain Munsell colors, but it is obvious that it can be expanded easily by including RAL equivalents of a large number of Munsell color and vice versa. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 130–134, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20091     

Association of memory and cognition in Alzheimer's disease with volumetric estimates of temporal lobe structures.

The hypothesis that explicit memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) depends in part on hippocampal formation atrophy was tested in 47 persons with AD. Volumes of the hippocampal formation, parahippocampal gyrus, and temporal neocortex (excluding the hippocampal formation, amygdala, and parahippocampal gyrus) were estimated by reconstruction of magnetic resonance images. Tests of explicit memory, language, and constructional praxis were administered. Psychometric-volumetric associations were evaluated in regression analyses controlling for age, gender, education, and intracranial volume. Hippocampal formation volume was associated with a delayed-recall measure but not with immediate recall: temporal neocortical volume was correlated with performance on measures of language and constructional praxis. The results suggest that patterns of mnemonic and cognitive impairment in AD are due in part to differences in the distribution of pathology in the temporal lobe. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Microfluidic‐Based Approaches in Targeted Cell/Particle Separation Based on Physical Properties: Fundamentals and Applications

Cell separation is a key step in many biomedical research areas including biotechnology, cancer research, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery. While conventional cell sorting approaches have led to high‐efficiency sorting by exploiting the cell's specific properties, microfluidics has shown great promise in cell separation by exploiting different physical principles and using different properties of the cells. In particular, label‐free cell separation techniques are highly recommended to minimize cell damage and avoid costly and labor‐intensive steps of labeling molecular signatures of cells. In general, microfluidic‐based cell sorting approaches can separate cells using “intrinsic” (e.g., fluid dynamic forces) versus “extrinsic” external forces (e.g., magnetic, electric field, etc.) and by using different properties of cells including size, density, deformability, shape, as well as electrical, magnetic, and compressibility/acoustic properties to select target cells from a heterogeneous cell population. In this work, principles and applications of the most commonly used label‐free microfluidic‐based cell separation methods are described. In particular, applications of microfluidic methods for the separation of circulating tumor cells, blood cells, immune cells, stem cells, and other biological cells are summarized. Computational approaches complementing such microfluidic methods are also explained. Finally, challenges and perspectives to further develop microfluidic‐based cell separation methods are discussed.     

Thermodynamics and exergoeconomic analysis of geothermal power plants

Fossil fuel reserves (coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) diminish day by day. In addition, rapid advancement of technology causes an increase in the amount of energy needed. This emerging situation resulted in ever increasing importance of renewable energy sources, and various systems are being developed to utilize these renewable energy sources effectively.In this study, information about Ayd?n–Salavatli geothermal field’s features and working principles of the 2 power plants (DORA 1 and DORA 2) in the region are given. Power plants’ energy and exergy efficiencies were calculated with the emphasis on the effects of thermal fluids used in power plants. Also, in this study, some correlations were developed.Power plants’ sections which cause exergy losses were identified. Accordingly, improvement suggestions were presented in this study. Additionally, exergoeconomic analyses were conducted while power plants’ investment costs and equipment maintenance costs were taken into consideration.