Local Notions of Healthy Eating and National Dietary Guidelines: A Comparison in Vulnerable Salvadoran Communities

This study presents an assessment of local definitions and perceptions concerning healthy eating through a study in four resource-poor border communities in El Salvador. The study included focus groups, key-informant interviews, and observations of the food environment. Local definitions of healthy eating elicited through focus groups were compared to the national Salvadoran dietary guidelines recommendations. The comparison revealed several areas of overlap (including the importance of dietary variety, fruits, and vegetables, among others) and omissions (mention of limiting sweets/candy, salt, sugar, and alcohol). Focus group participants expressed concerns over the origin of their foods and whether food contained harmful chemicals. These conversations also revealed the contradictions between nutrition knowledge and preferences for foods classified as unhealthy. This article concludes with a discussion about barriers to healthy eating identified in the focus groups and through the food environment assessment.     

覆膜Y型单子弹头气道支架治疗左主支气管胸膜瘘12例

【摘要】 目的 评估应用Y型单子弹头覆膜气道支架封堵残端较短的左主支气管胸膜瘘的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析2010年8月—2013年9月收治的12例残端较短的左主支气管胸膜瘘患者,根据这类患者支气管残端较短的解剖结构特点,个体化定制Y型单子弹头覆膜气道内支架。在X线监视下,12例患者共置入12枚Y型单子弹头内支架。观察患者支架置入后瘘口愈合情况。结果 12枚支架均一次性置入成功,内支架置入后瘘口即刻完全封堵,随访3 ～ 17个月;6例瘘口封堵良好,支架置入后3个月取出,瘘口愈合、残腔消失;5例复查胸部多排螺旋CT（MSCT）显示支架子弹头部周围软组织较薄,残腔较前明显缩小,未取出支架,继续负压引流,带支架生存至今。1例高龄患者,支架置入前已存在重度肺部感染,支架置入后瘘口虽即刻完全封堵,但术后未能控制原有肺部感染,加之体质虚弱,术后2周死于肺部重度感染和机体衰竭。结论 应用Y型单子弹头覆膜自膨式内支架封堵残端较短的左主支气管胸膜瘘患者的瘘口,近期临床效果可靠,值得推广应用。
     

经皮椎体成形术临床应用—— — 附２９５例５５３节椎体报告

目的评价经皮椎体成形术（PVP）临床疗效、适应证及相关技术。方法对２９５例患者５５３个椎体在X线C臂血管机导引下行PVP,包括骨质疏松症１７１例,转移性肿瘤１０３例,骨髓瘤１２例,血管瘤２例,外伤７例。一般采用单侧椎弓根穿刺,骨水泥量为２～７ml 。结果骨质疏松症患者总有效率为９４．１％（１６１／１７１）,转移性肿瘤总有效率为８１．５％,骨髓瘤患者有效为８例（８／９）,外伤患者有效为７例（７／７）。本组患者无严重并发症;１８例转移瘤PVP后３～４d行放射治疗;１２例采用大平板血管机旋转X线采集和椎体三维重建成像指导手术操作。结论PVP已成为疼痛性压缩性骨折标准治疗方法之一,伴随手术方法和器材不断改进其适应证必将不断扩大。     

低速船用柴油机主轴承弹流润滑性能分析

以某低速二冲程船用柴油机为研究对象，结合弹性流体动力学、多体动力学以及有限元方法，建立了包含机架-机座-主轴承盖-曲轴的整机动力学润滑耦合分析模型，对低速船舶柴油机主轴承的润滑性能进行研究。研究结果表明:第7主轴承(靠近飞轮端)润滑性能最为恶劣，总压峰值达到87.95 MPa，高出其他主轴承19.7%至413.7%不等；在整个推进工况主轴承油膜厚度均满足最小膜厚要求；不同工况轴承液动润滑和混合润滑的时间占比也不尽相同，液动润滑占比从100%负荷的20.7%提高到25%负荷的99.3%；轴承结构对主轴承的润滑磨损性能有较大影响，径向间隙的设计须综合考虑油膜承载与摩擦功耗。     

柴油机机油耗高的排查改进及控制

介绍了柴油机机油消耗高的排查方法,通过对机油消耗率影响因素的分析,进行试验和测量,提出了设计改进措施和质量控制措施,使柴油机机油消耗率得到了进一步降低,同时也促进了柴油机的环保排放达标。     

Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in the environment and humans: a review

Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are brominated aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbons used as flame retardants in thermal insulation building materials, upholstery textiles, and electronics. As a result of their widespread use and their physical and chemical properties, HBCDs are now ubiquitous contaminants in the environment and humans. This review summarizes HBCD concentrations in several environmental compartments and analyzes these data in terms of point sources versus diffuse sources, biomagnification potential, stereoisomer profiles, time trends, and global distribution. Generally, higher concentrations were measured in samples (air, sediment, and fish) collected near point sources (plants producing or processing HBCDs), while lower concentrations were recorded in samples from locations with no obvious sources of HBCDs. High concentrations were measured in top predators, such as marine mammals and birds of prey (up to 9600 and 19 200 ng/g lipid weight, respectively), suggesting a biomagnification potential for HBCDs. Relatively low HBCD concentrations were reported in the few human studies conducted to date (median values varied between 0.35 and 1.1 ng/g lipid weight). HBCD levels in biota are increasing slowly and seem to reflect the local market demand. One important observation is the shiftfrom the high percentage of the gamma-HBCD stereoisomer in the technical products to a dominance of the alpha-HBCD stereoisomer in biological samples. A combination of factors such as variations in solubility, partitioning behavior, uptake, and, possibly, selective metabolism of individual isomers may explain the observed changes in stereoisomer patterns. Recommendations for further work include research on how HBCDs are transferred from products into the environment upon production, use, and disposal. Time trends need to be analyzed more in detail, including HBCD stereoisomers, and more data on terrestrial organisms are needed, especially for humans. Whenever possible, HBCDs should be analyzed as individual stereoisomers in order to address their fate and effects.     

PROTOS M5卷接机组梗签输送装置的优化设计

为解决PROTOS M5卷接机组梗签输送装置中输送管道容易堵塞问题,通过Solid Works建立管道模型,利用Fluent分析软件模拟空气在管道中流动的形态,对流体在管道中的压力和流线进行分析,得到梗签输送管道的堵塞原因并对该装置进行了优化设计:将封闭式弯管改为开放式振槽,缩短输送管道长度;增加切碎梗签功能,将较长梗签切断,避免过长梗签卡在管道弯曲处;采用直管连接梗签箱与集中负压源,减少负压损失。结果表明:1管道在最大弯曲处、同一截面上出现螺旋式流动时,或在最大弯曲处出现流速为零时,以及管道压力损失过大时,均容易造成管道堵塞。2改进后管道压力和流线分布均匀,管道压力损失由452.8 Pa减小到245.5 Pa,有效解决了梗签输送管道堵塞问题。     

牛蹄筋休闲食品的研制

以牛蹄筋为原料,对其加工过程中预煮工艺、卤制工艺以及杀菌工艺的主要参数展开研究.实验结果表明,冷冻牛蹄筋经预煮30 min,于配制卤水中卤制60 min并焖制30 min,杀菌工艺采用15-22 min/121 ℃,反压冷却(0.15 MPa),所得产品色、香、味、形俱佳.     

Molecular characterization of Escherichia coli O157 contamination routes in a cattle slaughterhouse

In a cattle slaughterhouse, sampling was performed over a 1-week period to examine the prevalence and possible contamination routes of Escherichia coli O157. Each sampling day, swab samples were collected from the slaughterhouse environment before onset of slaughter, from the slaughterline, and from 20 successively slaughtered animals. Isolation of E. coli O157 consisted of a 6-hour enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation and selective plating. From the 394 samples taken, 84 (21%) were positive for E. coli O157. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of collected isolates produced 26 different profiles, from which 5 PFGE profiles carried two or more Stx genes. The combination of PFGE profiles and Stx types resulted in 32 different E. coli O157 types. E. coli O157 was found in the slaughterhouse environment before the onset of slaughter. The first two sampling days, feces and carcasses were found negative. On the third sampling day, five fecal samples and four carcasses from animals negative in the feces were positive. Hide of the anal region and the shoulder were found positive every sampling day. The shoulder hide was more than twice as contaminated as the anal region hide. Typing of different isolates from a sample showed that frequently different E. coli O157 types were presented. On sampling days 1 and 2, types present in the environment and on the hides of the slaughtered animals differed. On the third sampling day, two dominant types were found in the environment (even before the onset of slaughter), as well as on the hides, feces, and carcasses. Although examined animals originated from different farms, one (two on day 3) dominant E. coli O157 type was present on their hides each sampling day. These data indicated that (i) the progress of contamination can differ from day to day within a slaughterhouse and (ii) contact between animals after the departure from the farm can have a large effect on the spread of E. coli O157 hide contamination.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定枣果实中的有机酸和VC含量

目的：建立枣果实中有机酸含量的高效液相色谱测定方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器法,水浴超声、离心、膜过滤提取枣果实中的有机酸。色谱条件：色谱柱为Inertsil ODS-3（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,流动相为0.04 mol/mL KH2PO4溶液,流速0.5 mL/min,柱温30 ℃,检测波长210 nm。结果：在此色谱条件下,草酸、酒石酸、奎宁酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、富马酸和VC在30 min之内得到基线分离。7 种有机酸和VC标准曲线的相关系数（R2）均在0.998 9以上;精密度检测,相对标准偏差为0.98%～4.77%（n=5）;重复性检测,相对标准偏差为0.88%～2.19%（n=5）;回收率在91.35%～105.74%之间。结论：本方法准确、高效、便捷,适于枣果实中有机酸的测定。