Anthocyanin degradation kinetics during thermal and high pressure treatments of raspberries

The effect of combined high temperature and high pressure on the degradation of the four main cyanidin-3-glycosides in raspberries was investigated. Anthocyanin degradation accelerated with increasing temperature as well as with increasing pressure, revealing a synergistic effect of both process variables. Degradation rate constants were estimated using a first order kinetic model. Temperature and pressure dependence of the degradation rate constants were expressed as activation energies and activation volumes according to Arrhenius and Eyring equations, respectively. In search of statistical differences between the E_a-k_ref- and V_a-k_ref-parameters estimated simultaneously, 90% joint confidence regions were constructed. A combined Arrhenius-Eyring model was found suitable to describe the combined temperature-pressure dependence of the degradation rate constants. Cyanidin-3-glucorutinoside showed the slowest degradation in comparison to the other cyanidins. Cyanidin-3-rutinoside experienced the smallest effect of temperature and the strongest effect of pressure compared to the others.     

Natural gas corridors between the EU and its main suppliers: Simulation results with the dynamic GASTALE model

Growth in gas demand poses a challenge for European energy consumers and other gas-importing countries in terms of an increasing dependency on gas imports and consequently also supply security. This paper focuses on interactions among demand, supply, and investments in natural gas corridors, namely pipeline transport, LNG, and storage facilities, affecting the European natural gas market over the period 2005–2030. A number of policy scenarios, including a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, are formulated to study the impact of demand uncertainty and delays in investment on the gas transport infrastructure required in the long run in Europe. The analyses indicate that substantial investments in gas transport corridors are needed to accommodate imports and seasonal demand variations. Analysis of scenarios of supply interruption, in the form of suddenly reduced import capacity for particular pipeline routes, indicates that portions of Europe could experience price increases of up to 100% in the case of a year-long interruption. To accommodate import needs and to mitigate possible disruptions, pipeline connections running from East to West need to be given special priority.     

Design and demonstration of a switching engine for a binary true-time-delay device that uses a white cell

Optical true-time-delay devices based on the White cell can be divided into two general types: polynomial cells, in which the number of delays that can be obtained is related to the number of times m that a beam bounces in the cell raised to some power, and exponential cells, in which the number of delays is proportional to some number raised to the power of m. In exponential cells, the topic to be addressed, the spatial light modulator switches between a delay element and a null path on each bounce. We describe an improved design of this switching engine, which contains a liquid-crystal switch and a White cell. We examine astigmatism and corrections for it and present a specific design.     

Poor children learning to read do not have trouble with auditory discrimination but do have trouble with phoneme recognition.

The present study confirms the hypothesis, derived from the research of M. A. Wallach and L. Wallach (1976) and L. Wallach and M. A. Wallach (1976), on teaching disadvantaged children to read, that the troubles poor children frequently have with sounds stem not from deficiencies in auditory discrimination but from inadequate skill in phonemic analysis. Almost all of 76 disadvantaged and 70 middle-class kindergarten-age Ss could readily hear phoneme differences in words, as indicated by their ability to respond differentially to words that differed only in single phonemes, which were similar. On the other hand, almost all of the disadvantaged Ss, but almost none of the middle-class Ss, did very poorly on tasks involving phonemic analysis of words (e.g., indicating whether given sounded phonemes occurred in various spoken words). (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)