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991.
Thin CdTe films were deposited by hot-wall epitaxy (HWE) on (111) HgCdTe and CdZnTe substrates at temperatures from about 140 to 335°C. X-ray rocking curves were used to show that crystal quality of the CdTe (111)B films improved as substrate temperature increased from 140 to about 250°C. Rocking curve values for full width at half maximum (FWHM) decreased from 2–4 degrees at 140–150°C to less than 100 arc-s at 250°C, and a FWHM of 59 arc-s was the lowest value observed near 250°C. The FWHM of the HWE CdTe was found to be insensitive to growth rate below about 400Å/min, but increased to four degrees at 1250Å/min. X-ray diffraction confirmed that films grown on the B-face at higher temperatures were epitaxial, but contained a significant volume fraction, 35% to 50%, of rotational in-plane twins. Electron microscopy confirmed a coarse twin density, and photoluminescence spectra showed an absence of excitonic emission in the HWE films. Simultaneous growth on two (111) HgCdTe substrates with different surface polarities between 230°C and 335°C showed that deposition rate on the A-face decreased relative to that on the B-face as temperature increased. Films grown on the B-face exhibited better surface morphologies than those grown on the A-face. 相似文献
992.
993.
哈尔滨炼油厂MTBE装置试生产 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
介绍了哈尔滨炼油厂MTBE装置的工艺路线、新技术的应用及特点;催化剂的装填及应用情况;总结了生产过程中遇到的一系列问题及解决办法;探索了平稳生产的新徐径,以保证装置安全、平稳、长周期运行;同时对反应器操作温度、催化蒸馏塔操作压力、原料中醇烯比等因素对异丁烯转化率及MTBE产品的影响做了简单的总结。 相似文献
994.
J. M. Zaldivar E. Molga M. A. Al s H. Hern ndez K. R. Westerterp 《Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification》1995,34(6):543-559
Aromatic nitrations by mixed acid have been selected as a specific case of a heterogeneous liquid-liquid reaction. An extensive experimental programme has been followed using adiabatic and heat-flow calorimetry and pilot reactor experiments, supported by chemical analysis. A series of nitration experiments has been carried out to study the influences of different initial and operating conditions such as temperature, stirring speed and sulphuric acid concentration. In parallel, a mathematical model to predict the overall conversion rate has been developed. In this paper the mathematical modelling and the implementation and experimental validation for benzene, toluene and chlorobenzene mononitration in the kinetic control regime (slow liquid-liquid reaction) are presented and discussed. 相似文献
995.
本文报导了甲基环氧丙酸钾的合成方法、农田应用,IR、NMR分析数据及与环氧丙酸钾的性能比较。 相似文献
996.
997.
对直径280mm、扩大直径500mm、外循环管直径65mm、总高2900mm的外循环型鼓泡式反应器,在气体空塔线速Ug为0.04-0.55m/s时,用静压差法和脉冲示踪法测定了不同部位的气含率Eg,Epg和循环液速率u1,并获得了它们的关联式:对反应段,Eg=0.4556U^0.3198g〔Ug/(Ug+U1)〕^0.7396;对反应器扩大段,Eug=0.9389U^0.4431ug;对循环管,E 相似文献
998.
Anders From Rolf Sandstr m 《International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials》1996,14(5-6):407-417
Porosity and uncombined carbon in cemented carbides are traditionally assessed by comparison to standardized microstructure charts, such as those in ISO 4505-1978. To improve the accuracy in the characterization a fully automatic image analysis procedure has been developed. The analysis is performed using light optical microscopy on unetched polished specimens. The implemented algorithm separates uncombined carbon, C-defects, from pores, A- and B-defects. Pores are approximately distributed in a random way in the structure. Uncombined carbon is on the other hand precipitated into clusters of carbon particles. This difference is together with defect size used as a base for the separation. Small defects situated close together are classified as C-defects, small isolated defects as A-pores and large defects as B-pores. Pores are found to be more round than the somewhat elongated C-defects. The difference in shape is significant and can also be used as a separation criterion.
Image analysis is used to quantitatively characterise the ISO 4505-1978 standard charts with respect to volume fraction, number density and size distribution of defects. The results are compared to measured distributions for true microstructures. 相似文献
999.
Shiqi He Qianchu Liu Yiu-Wing Mai Roland Bryant 《Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine》1996,7(10):611-616
Abrasive wear is a major problem in the application of dental composite resins. In this study the friction and wear behaviours of two types of dental composites: one containing relatively coarse filler particles and some microfillers (Estilux) and another containing only microfiller particles (Durafill), have been investigated by using a scratch testing machine. Experimental results show that the coefficients of friction in both composites are essentially constant for applied loads up to 20 N. The wear resistance of Durafill is better than Estilux. Under the same testing conditions, the size, shape and distribution of the filler particles are more important variables than applied load and sliding speed in controlling the wear mechanism. It is shown that for Estilux, plastic ploughing by the diamond indenter is the predominant mechanism. For Durafill, however, the formation and propagation of tensile cracks on the worn surface is the main wear mechanism. The effects of two different indenters, diamond and enamel, on the basic wear mechanisms are also discussed. 相似文献
1000.
Residual electrical resistivity due to short-range order has been calculated for Cu100-xAlx (x=9.13,13.56, 14.5 and 14.76 in at pct) alloys using pseudopotential approach, and the results have been discussed in the light of experimental studies of the local-order structure of these alloys. In case of Cu85.5Al14.5, change in the total residual electrical resistivity due to neutron-irradiation effects has been estimated by including contributions from the short-range order and static atomic displacement correction. Our results show a decrease in the residual resistivity in the irradiated Cu-Al solid solution as compared to the unirradiated sample. This is in accordance with the experimental results 相似文献