Kinetic studies of the electrochemical reaction between lithium and phthalocyanine II. Reduction reaction mechanism

The effects, during formation, of current density, charge capacity, and concentration and temperature of H₂SO₄ electrolyte on the capacity of tubular electrodes in lead/acid batteries have been studied. Electrode capacity was found to be maximum at a H₂SO₄ concentration of 1.05 sp. gr., a charge amount of 250% theoretical capacity, a current density of 0.44 A dm^?2, and an electrolyte temperature of 40 °C. A study of the soaking process for tubular electrodes showed the electrode capacity to be maximum when the acid absorption was about 170 mg of H₂SO₄ per g of oxide. Finally, the discharge overpotential of tubular electrodes was analyzed by a galvanostatic transient method.     

Adiabatic shear bands on the titanium side in the titanium/mild steel explosive cladding interface: Experiments, numerical simulation, and microstructure evolution

The microstructure and microtexture in adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) on the titanium side in the titanium/mild steel explosive cladding interface are investigated by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy/electron backscattered diffraction (SEM/EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Highly elongated subgrains and fine equiaxed grains with low dislocation density are observed in the ASBs. Microtextures (25 deg, 75 deg, 0 deg), (70 deg, 45 deg, 0 deg), and (0 deg, 15 deg, 30 deg) formed within the ASBs suggest the occurrence of the recrystallization. The grain boundaries within ASBs are geometrically necessary boundaries (GNBs) with high angles. Finite element computations are performed to obtain the effective strain and temperature distributions within the ASBs under the measured boundary conditions. The rotation dynamic recrystallization (RDR) mechanism is employed to describe the kinetics of the nanograins’ formation and the recrystallized process within ASBs. During the deformation time (about 5 to 10 μs), the following processes take place: dislocations accumulate to form elongated cell structures, cell structures break up to form subgrains, and subgrains rotate and finally form recrystallized grains. The small grains within ASBs are formed during the deformation and do not undergo significant growth by grain boundary migration after deformation.     

Microstructure-composition relationships and Ms temperatures in Fe-Cr-Mn-N alloys

Microstructure-composition relationships and M_s temperatures have been determined in high purity nitrided Fe-Cr-Mn alloys, as part of a program to develop improved corrosion-abrasion resistant steels with unstable austenitic microstructures. Compositions in the range 8 to 12 pct Cr, 0 to 10 pct Mn, and 0 to 0.6 pct N were investigated by a resistivity technique to determine M_s temperatures and by X-ray diffraction and metallography to determine constitution. Hardness measurements were also made. At the low alloy end of the range, microstructures after annealing and air cooling are fully martensitic while at the high alloy end they are fully austenitic. At intermediate compositions, mixed martensite-austenite microstructures (with epsilon present as a minor phase in some cases) and unstable austenitic microstructures are obtained. The austenitic alloys contain a high density of stacking faults and the unstable austenitic alloys transform to martensite on deformation. At low N contents (up to at least 0.25 pct N) the M_s-composition relationship is linear and described by: M_s = 555 - 9(Cr - 8) - 40Mn - 450N [1] where M_s is in °C and Cr, Mn, and N are the weight percentages of these elements. At higher N contents, the M_s generally falls more rapidly with increasing nitrogen content. Nitrogen solubility at 1050 °C exceeds about 0.3 pct in all alloys and increases with increasing Cr and Mn content. In commercial purity steels, unstable austenitic microstructures are expected to be obtained in compositions around 10 to 14 pct Cr, 8 to 12 pct Mn, and 0.1 to 0.3 pct N when the total level of these elements is selected to ensure the M_s is below room temperature.     

Frequency tuning characteristics of capacitively loaded Salisburyscreen radar absorber

The frequency characteristics of a Salisbury screen radar absorber that incorporates a layer exhibiting both resistive and capacitive properties are considered. If the capacitance is fixed, the absorber thickness and hence weight may be reduced but at the expense of bandwidth. If the capacitance is variable then the absorber may be tuned via an external control signal. The practical limitations of both applications are discussed in relation to recent advances in conducting polymer materials     

Dysprosium doped Ga:La:S glass for an efficient optical fibreamplifier operating at 1.3 μm

The authors present experimental results which indicate that a Dy ³⁺-doped Ga:La:S glass fibre amplifier may be operated efficiently at 1.3 μm with an optimum device length significantly shorter than a comparable Pr³⁺-doped glass fibre amplifier. Moreover, the efficiency exceeds that obtained from the Pr³⁺-doped ZBLAN devices currently available     

Crack growth measurements on components under cyclic loading: comparison of different methods

The cyclic crack growth behaviour was measured by means of d.c. potential drop, a.c. potential drop, ultrasonic and crack-opening displacement (COD) methods. The methods were applied to component tests on straight pipes with an outer diameter of approximately 800 mm and a wall thickness of approximately 50 mm. The pipes were subjected to constant internal pressure (about 15 MPa) and either an alternating (or pulsating) or a quasi-static bending moment using d.c. potential drop, a.c. potential drop, ultrasonic and flaw-opening (COD) methods. The efficiency of the particular methods has been proved by comparison with fractographical analysis of the fracture surfaces.