Apparent solidification time test for detection of foreign oils and fats adulterated in clarified milk fat, as affected by season and storage

An apparent solidification time (AST) test was developed for the detection of foreign fats and oils in milk fat. AST values at 18°C for buffalo and cow milk fats ranged from 2 min 30 s to 2 min 48 s and 2 min 56 s to 3 min 26 s, while for pig body fat, goat body fat and hydrogenated vegetable oils, AST values were 1 min 30 s, 0 min 40 s and 1 min 50 s, respectively. Vegetable oils yielded no AST values, suggesting that adulteration can be detected using the AST method in the case of some but not all possible adulterants.     

Load shedding scheme for an interconnected hydro-thermal hybrid system with SMES

The frequency of the power system varies based on the load pattern of the consumers. With continuous increase in the load, the frequency of the system keeps decreasing and may reach its minimum allowable limits. Further increase in the load will result in more frequency drop leading to the need of load shedding, if excess generation is not available to cater the need. This paper proposed a methodology in a hybrid thermal-hydro system for finding the required amount of load to be shed for setting the frequency of the system within its minimum allowable limits. The load shedding steps were obtained based on the rate of change of frequency with the increase in the load in both areas. The impact of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) was obtained on load shedding scheme. The comparison of the results was presented on the two-area system.     

INFLUENCE OF SAMPLE SIZE AND SHAPE ON TRANSPORT PARAMETERS DURING DRYING OF SHRINKING BODIES

An experimental investigation on the influence of sample size and shape on heat and mass transport parameters under natural convection air‐drying is presented. Potato cylinders with length of 0.05 m and thicknesses of 0.005, 0.008, 0.010 and 0.016 m, and circular slices with diameter of 0.05 m and thickness of 0.01 m were dried in a laboratory scale hot‐air cabinet dryer. Results indicate that each transport parameter exhibits a linear relationship with sample thickness. Convective heat and mass transfer coefficients (h_cand h_m) decreased whereas moisture diffusion coefficient (D_eff) increased with increasing thickness. Considering no sample shrinkage effect in the parameter analysis, for the thickness range considered, the values of h_care found to be underestimated in the range of 29.0–30.6%, whereas those of h_mand D_eff are overestimated in the range of 33.7–38.0% and 75.9–128.1%, respectively. Using Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm for optimization, a correlation for Biot number for mass transfer (Bi_m) as a function of drying time and sample thickness is proposed. A close agreement was observed between dimensionless moisture contents predicted by this relation and those obtained from experiments for different sample thicknesses at drying air temperature of 60C. For the same thickness and drying conditions, circular slices caused an increase in each transport parameter significantly.     

Reactive power deployment and cost benefit analysis in DNO operated distribution electricity markets with D-STATCOM

The aim of this paper is to analyze unbalanced radial distribution systems (UBRDS) with the distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM). The main objectives of this paper are D-STATCOM allocation in UBRDS with an objective of providing reactive power support to enhance voltage profile and reduce line losses of the distribution network, determination of optimal D-STATCOM rating subjected to minimization of total cost, and impact of D-STATCOM placement on improving power factor and savings in cost of energy loss. The analysis is conducted on a large industrial load model with light, medium and high loading scenarios. Further, the impact of load growth is also considered for better planning of the power distribution system. The results are obtained on standard 25-bus UBRDS to check the feasibility of the proposed methodology.     

Dielectric and Ferroelectric Properties of Ceramics in the Pb(Zn 1/3Nb2/3)O3-BaTiO3-PbTiO3 System

The use of Pb(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ ceramics is restricted by the formation of a pyrochlore phase detrimental to both dielectric and piezoelectric properties. Recently it has been shown that a 6 mol% addition of BaTiO₃ to PZN suppresses the formation of pyrochlore phase. Phase relations and dielectric properties of ceramics in the PZN-BT-PT system are reported here. Compositions with the perovskite structure, having high dielectric constant and low temperature coefficient of capacitance, have been identified.     

Improvement of Plasma Performance with Lithium Wall Conditioning in Aditya Tokamak

Lithiumization of the vacuum vessel wall of the Aditya tokamak using a lithium rod exposed to glow discharge cleaning plasma has been done to understand its effect on plasma performance. After the Li-coating, an increment of ～100 eV in plasma electron temperature has been observed in most of the discharges compared to discharges without Li coating, and the shot reproducibility is considerably improved. Detailed studies of impurity behaviour and hydrogen recycling are made in the Li coated discharges by observing spectral lines of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen in the visible region using optical fiber, an interference filter, and PMT based systems. A large reduction in O I signal (up to ～ 40% to 50%) and a 20% to 30% decrease of H α signal indicate significant reduction of wall recycling. Furthermore, VUV emissions from O V and Fe XV monitored by a grazing incidence monochromator also show the reduction. Lower Fe XV emission indicates the declined impurity penetration to the core plasma in the Li coated discharges. Significant increase of the particle and energy confinement times and the reduction of Z eff of the plasma certainly indicate the improved plasma parameters in the Aditya tokamak after lithium wall conditioning.     

Internal Flow Simulation of High-Performance Solid Rockets using a k-ω Turbulence Model

For technological reasons many high-performance solid rocket motors are made from segmented propellant grains with non-uniform port geometry. In this paper parametric studies have been carried out to examine the geometric dependence of transient flow features in solid rockets with non-uniform ports. Numerical computations have been carried out in an inert simulator of solid propellant rocket motor with the aid of a standard k-ωturbulence model. It was seen that the damping of the temperature fluctuation is faster in solid rocket with convergent port than with divergent port geometry. We inferred that the damping of the flow fluctuations using the port geometry is a meaningful objective for the suppression and control of the instability and/or pressure/thrust oscillations during the starting transient of solid rockets.     

Thermal Performance of ‘Still-on-Roof’ System with Water Flowing through the Roof

In the present communication, authors propose and analyze a system which consists of a solar still kept over the roof of a room, and a water-flowing arrangement in the roof. The performance of the system is studied under two modes of heat extraction, viz., constant flow rate, and constant collection temperature, An analytical model has been developed which provides explicit expressions for various performance parameters of the system. The model is useful in evaluating the system performance under the variation of different parameters. In order to appreciate the proposed configuration, numerical calculations are carried out corresponding to the typical climate of Delhi, India. The calculations show that the system is effective in reducing the heat flux entering the room and provides warm water in addition to the distilled water.     

Image smog restoration using oblique gradient profile prior and energy minimization

Removing the smog from digital images is a challenging pre-processing tool in various imaging systems. Therefore, many smog removal (i.e., desmogging) models are proposed so far to remove the effect of smog from images. The desmogging models are based upon a physical model, it means it requires efficient estimation of transmission map and atmospheric veil from a single smoggy image. Therefore, many prior based restoration models are proposed in the literature to estimate the transmission map and an atmospheric veil. However, these models utilized computationally extensive minimization of an energy function. Also, the existing restoration models suffer from various issues such as distortion of texture, edges, and colors. Therefore, in this paper, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to estimate the physical attributes of smoggy images. Oblique gradient channel prior (OGCP) is utilized to restore the smoggy images. Initially, a dataset of smoggy and sunny images are obtained. Thereafter, we have trained CNN to estimate the smog gradient from smoggy images. Finally, based upon the computed smog gradient, OGCP is utilized to restore the still smoggy images. Performance analyses reveal that the proposed CNN-OGCP based desmogging model outperforms the existing desmogging models in terms of various performance metrics.