Effect of domestic processing on flatus producing factors in ricebean (Vigna umbellata)

The effect of various processing treatments viz., soaking, pressure cooking, open pan cooking, germination followed by pressure cooking and roasting of whole ricebean and pressure cooking, open pan cooking and fermentation and frying of fermented batter of dehulled ricebean flour was assessed for total sugars and oligosaccharide contents. Dehulling caused a significant reduction in the raffinose and stachyose contents. Pre-soaking of ricebean caused appreciable losses in the oligosaccharide content. Germination (48 h) followed by pressure cooking and fermentation (18 h) followed by frying caused the maximum losses in the raffinose and stachyose contents.     

Effect of Transglutaminase Enzyme on Physico-mechanical Properties of Rambouillet Wool Fiber

ABSTRACT

Rambouillet wool fiber was scoured and treated with transglutaminase (TG) enzyme for different concentrations and duration at neutral pH at 45°C. The physical, mechanical, dyeing, and antimicrobial properties of the wool fiber before and after enzymatic treatment were evaluated as per standard methods. Results inferred that TG enzyme-treated wool fiber sample showed improvement in softness, luster, and tensile strength in comparison with scoured wool fiber. It is found that 0.5% TG enzyme treatment at 45°C for 60 min at pH 7 was an optimum condition. Scanning electron microscope images also confirmed the flattened and smooth scales of wool fiber after enzymatic treatment.     

Graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile onto gelatin by mutual irradiation method

In order to improve upon certain properties of gelatin graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) and methacrylonitrile (MAN) onto gelatin has been studied in aqueous medium using γ rays as a source of initiation. Optimum conditions for affording maximum percentage of grafting have been evaluated as a function of various reaction parameters. The grafted polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was isolated from the graft copolymer by acid hydrolysis, and the average molecular weight (M_v) of the isolated polymer has been determined viscometrically. The graft copolymers were characterized by IR spectroscopic methods and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Acrylonitrile was found to be more reactive than methacrylonitrile toward graft copolymerization. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Graft copolymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine onto isotactic polypropylene hydroperoxide by mutual irradiation method

An attempt has been made to graft copolymerize 4-vinyl pyridine onto isotactic polypropylene hydroperoxide by mutual irradiation method in an aqueous medium. Polypropylene hydroperoxide has been prepared by irradiating recrystallized polypropylene beads from a Co⁶⁰ source in the presence of air. The resulting polypropylene hydroperoxide beads have been used as the backbone polymer and grafting of 4-vinyl pyridine has been studied as a function of various reaction parameters. Optimum conditions for maximum percentage of grafting have been evaluated. Rate of grafting (R_g) has been determined as a function of preirradiation dose and initial monomer concentration. Water has been found to affect percentage of grafting. The graft copolymers have been characterized by spectroscopic method and isolation of the grafted poly(4-VP) from the graft copolymer. A plausible mechanism is proposed to explain the mutual grafting of 4-vinyl pyridine onto polypropylene hydroperoxide. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Synthesis,characterization and use of polymer‐supported phase transfer catalyst in organic reactions

A polymer‐supported (PS) phase transfer catalyst, polyethylene‐g‐quaternary ammonium salt (PE‐g‐Q_N⁺), is prepared through a three‐step graft copolymerization of maleic anhydride (MAn) onto polyethylene (PE) by photochemical method using 1% benzophenone (Bz) as photosensitizer. Post grafted acid hydrolysis of polyethylene‐g‐maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MAn) results in the preparation of PE‐g‐succinic acid which on further treatment with tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) under basic conditions in tetrahydrofuran (THF) gives PE‐g‐Q_N⁺. Optimum conditions pertaining to maximum percentage of grafting have been evaluated as a function of concentration of maleic anhydride, amount of photosensitizer, and time of reaction. Maximum percentage of grafting (25%) was obtained using 3.57 mol of MAn and 0.5 mL of 1% Bz in 120 min. The PE and graft copolymers, PE‐g‐MAn, and PE‐g‐Q_N⁺ were characterized by FTIR Spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The ionic nature of quaternary ammonium salt, PE‐g‐Q_N⁺ has also been confirmed by conductance measurements. PE‐g‐Q_N⁺ reagent have been used successfully for polymerization, amidation, and esterification reactions. The products obtained were characterized by FTIR and H¹NMR spectral methods. The reagent was reused for the further reactions and it was observed that the polymeric reagent polymerize, amidate, and esterificate the compounds successfully but with little lower product yield. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Synthesis,optimization and characterization of PVA-co-poly(methacrylic acid) green adsorbents and applications in environmental remediation

Polymer Bulletin - The present paper is focused on the synthesis and optimization of a green PVA-co-poly(MAA) adsorbent by free radical polymerization using N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide and...     

Polymers from renewable resources: Kinetics studies of the radiochemical graft copolymerization of styrene onto cellulose extracted from pine needles and the effect of some additives on the grafting parameters in an aqueous medium

In an attempt to develop an alternative to petro‐based polymers, we graft‐copolymerized cellulose isolated from the needles of Pinus roxburghii with styrene in a limited aqueous medium in air by simultaneous irradiation using gamma rays as the initiator. The optimum conditions for obtaining maximum grafting were determined as a function of monomer concentration, total dose of irradiation, and amount of water. Maximum percentage of grafting (P_g; 79.9) was obtained at a total dose of 1.152 × 10⁴ Gy with 1.325 × 10^?4 mol of styrene. The effect of methanol, LiNO₃, Cu(NO₃)₂, Mohr's salt, H₂SO₄, HNO₃, and AcOH on P_g was studied. All the additives were found to decrease graft yield, contrary to some reported studies. Total percentage conversion and rates of polymerization, grafting, and homopolymerization were evaluated. Evidence of grafting was provided by the characterization of cellulose and its graft copolymers by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and observation of the swelling behavior in some solvents. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1490–1500, 2002     

Aza-Michael Addition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">γ</Emphasis>-Aminopropylsilatranes to Substituted N-Phenylmaleimides: Design and Synthesis of a Heterocyclic Amine Receptor and Their Preliminary Antimicrobial Studies

An efficient method for C-N bond formation via aza-Michael addition of γ-aminopropylsilatranes to substituted N-phenylmaleimides under mild conditions is described. The five receptors enclosing the maleimide moiety have been synthesized by the aza-Michael addition to strong nucleophile γ-aminopropylsilatrane producing silatranes possessing substituted N-phenylsuccinimide at the axial position without any catalyst. All the compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic techniques and thermo-gravimetric analysis. The synthesized compounds have been screened for possible antimicrobial properties and results have shown modest activity.     

Moisture Adsorption Isotherms of Watermelon Seed and Kernels

The moisture adsorption isotherms of watermelon seeds and kernels from Citrullus lanatus Cv Mateera and Citrullus vulgaris Cv Sugar baby were obtained using standard static method with saturated salt solutions over a range of water activities from 0.113 to 0.92 at 20–60°C. The adsorption capacity of seeds decreased with the increase in temperature at constant water activity. Sorption models were used to explain the adsorption behavior involving water activity and moisture content (Type I) and also temperature (Type II). Oswin's models gave best fit among Type I with coefficient of determination of 0.953–0.995, standard error of 0.031–0.0571, mean relative error of 0.071–0.152, and scattered residual plots. Modified Oswin was the best fit model among Type II for the seeds and kernels of both the cultivars with coefficient of determination of 0.997–0.999, standard error of 0.151–0.255, mean relative error of 0.018–0.244, and scattered residual plots. The net isoelectric heat of adsorption, estimated from Clausius-Clapeyron decreased from about 27.0 to 0.5 kJ/mol in kernels and 18.0 to 0.5 kJ/mol in seeds of both the cultivars as the moisture content increased from 5 to 25% (dry basis).