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991.
Large volumes of residual biomass (mainly peels and seeds) are generated by tomato industrial processing plants. After adequate drying and densification operations, those biomass wastes might be used for livestock food production, for lycopene extraction or even as fuel supply for thermal applications.The process described in the present paper is the manufacturing of 6 mm diameter pellets from tomato waste samples obtained from industrial processing plants. As a previous step, the samples were dehydrated to five different values of moisture content (20, 25, 29, 34 and 38 wt% w.b. approximately). Bulk and particle densities, hardness and durability of pellets were significantly influenced by the initial moisture content of the biomass raw materials, as well as by the subsequent reductions of such moisture content after pelletizing operations and storage periods. Increases of 21%, 41% and 67% in moisture content of the feeding biomass material – with respect to the lower value of the operating range, i.e. 20 wt% w.b. – were observed to yield the following percentage increments in a series of physical properties of pellets, respectively: 14%, 25% and 50% in bulk density; 6%, 16% and 18% in particle density; 225%, 1737% and 3575% in hardness; 8%, 44% and 88% in durability. Nevertheless, higher increments in moisture content of feeding material led to significantly lower values of the aforementioned properties – not to mention technical operating problems due to roller skidding in the pelletizing device.Pellets obtained from raw biomass (peels and seeds) with 34 wt% initial moisture content (9% final moisture content of pellets) were regarded as those with the most suitable configuration: durability 91.2%, hardness up to 88 N and energy density approaching 8 GJ/m3. 相似文献
992.
Yongxing Yang Cristina Ochoa-Hernández Patricia Pizarro Víctor A. de la Pe?a O’Shea Juan M. Coronado David P. Serrano 《Topics in Catalysis》2012,55(14-15):991-998
Arrays of nickel phosphide nanorods were successfully synthesized by nanocasting using mesostructured silica SBA-15 as a hard template (HT-Ni2P). After temperature-programmed reduction of the phosphate precursor infiltrated within the pore walls of SBA-15, the unsupported material was obtained by removing the silica matrix with diluted HF. The pore channel of the SBA-15 template stabilizes the Ni2P particles, preventing sintering after the high reduction temperature and shaping their elongated morphology. Moreover, HT-Ni2P catalyst shows an improvement in the textural properties with a significantly higher surface area than the reference sample synthesized in the absence of template. X-ray diffraction revealed that the only crystalline phase present in this material was Ni2P. On the other hand, transmission electron microscopy shows that the catalyst is mainly constituted by agglomerates of nanorods. Through EDX microanalysis the efficient removal of silicon was confirmed. Under hydrotreating conditions, nanorods of Ni2P show a fourfold enhancement in the conversion of methyl oleate with respect to conventional Ni2P synthesized in absence of hard template. Nevertheless, when these data are normalized to surface area, the specific activity of HT-Ni2P nanorods is significantly lower than that of the conventionally prepared sample. Differences in selectivity were also observed as Ni2P nanorods favored the decarboxylation reaction leading to a higher yield of n-heptadecane. 相似文献
993.
Violeta Ivanova Marina Stefova Trajče Stafilov Borimir Vojnoski Ildiko Bíró Anita Bufa Ferenc Kilár 《Food Analytical Methods》2012,5(6):1427-1434
An analytical method for determination of volatile composition of wines using sample preparation by liquid–liquid extraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for separation and detection has been developed and validated. Extraction of volatile compounds was performed in dichloromethane, and 1-octanol was added as an internal standard. Kékfrankos red wine produced in Villány wine region in Hungary was used as a model wine for testing and validation of the method. The developed method allowed satisfactory determination of 33 volatile compounds in the wines. Compounds analyzed include alcohols, esters, lactones, fatty acids, furans, and nitrogen compounds. The calibration curves of the four reference compounds used (2-phenyl ethanol, ethyl nonanoate, butyrolactone, and tyrosol) were linear in all cases with correlation coefficients (R 2) ranging from 0.9951 to 0.9992. The accuracy of the method was checked with a standard addition method (recovery 92.2–103 %), showing good repeatability and reproducibility (RSD?<?10 %). 相似文献
994.
Carmen M González‐Henríquez Luis H Tagle Claudio A Terraza Ángel Leiva Andrés Barriga González Ulrich G Volkmann Alejandro L Cabrera Esteban Ramos‐Moore Maximiliano Pavez‐Moreno 《Polymer International》2012,61(5):810-817
Polyesters were synthesized by direct polycondensation of thiophene‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acid and five different silarylene‐containing diphenols using a tosyl chloride/pyridine/N,N‐dimethylformamide system as a condensing agent. Polymers were obtained in good yields and were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and NMR (1H, 13C, 135‐DEPT and 29Si) spectroscopy and elemental analysis. All polymers were completely soluble in aprotic organic polar solvents such as dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. The range of effective mass of the polymers (m/z) was 1 × 105–2 × 105, determined using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Asymmetry and steric hindrance prevented dense packing of the polymeric chains, showing glass transition temperatures between ? 78 and ? 51 °C and loss of thermal stability at 177–199 °C (10% weight loss). Additionally, the melting points of the polyesters were found to be in the range 62–67 °C. Because of this, the samples were semi‐solid at room temperature. The optical band gaps of the polymers were observed between 4.54 and 4.48 eV, corresponding in all cases to insulator behavior. The molecular structure of the samples was studied using X‐ray diffraction, showing a degree of order that was associated with two monoclinic lattices. Additionally, the conductivity was studied using a two‐point method with contacts on top of polymer films. Prior to the electrical measurement, the samples were polarized in an external electric field of 0.8 to 6.4 V cm?1, and the alignment of the dipoles increased the electrical conductivity. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
995.
C. Roldán A. Roldán J. Martínez-Moreno 《Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications》2012,16(5):785-795
Least-squares technique is well-known and widely used to determine the coefficients of a explanatory model from observations
based on a concept of distance. Traditionally, the observations consist of pairs of numeric values. However, in many real-life
problems, the independent or explanatory variable can be observed precisely (for instance, the time) and the dependent or
response variable is usually described by approximate values, such as “about £300\pounds300” or “approximately $500”, instead of exact values, due to sources of uncertainty that may affect the response. In this paper,
we present a new technique to obtain fuzzy regression models that consider triangular fuzzy numbers in the response variable.
The procedure solves linear and non-linear problems and is easy to compute in practice and may be applied in different contexts.
The usefulness of the proposed method is illustrated using simulated and real-life examples. 相似文献
996.
Daiana Garcia Germán Barros Sofía Chulze Antonio J. Ramos Vicente Sanchis Sonia Marín 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》2012,92(15):2952-2959
BACKGROUND: Fusarium graminearum and F. verticillioides are two very important mycotoxigenic species as they cause diverse diseases in crops. The effects of constant and cycling temperatures on growth and mycotoxin production of these species were studied on soybean based medium and on irradiated soya beans. RESULTS: F. graminearum grew better when was incubated at 15, 20 and 15–20 °C (isothermal or cycling temperature) during 21 days of incubation. Maximum levels of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol (39.25 and 1040.4 µg g?1, respectively) were detected on soya beans after 15 days of incubation and the optimal temperature for mycotoxin production was 15 °C for zearalenone and 20 °C for deoxynivalenol. F. verticillioides grew better at 25 °C in culture medium and at 15/20 °C and 15/25 °C on soybean seeds. Fumonisin B1 was produced only in culture medium, and the maximum level (7.38 µg g?1) was found at 15 °C after 7 days of incubation. CONCLUSION: When growth and mycotoxin production under cycling temperatures were predicted from the results under constant conditions, observed values were different from calculated for both species and substrate medium. Therefore, care should be taken if data at constant temperature conditions are to be extrapolated to real field conditions. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
997.
This work optimizes the application of electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) to assess the degree of sensitization (DOS) of AISI 316L and compares the large-scale and small-scale EPR with the aim of improving the study of the different zones of AISI 316L welded joints by using an electrochemical minicell. The optimized EPR allows to discriminate better than the standardized EPR among different DOS. Small-scale EPR shows greater sensitivity to assess the DOS than large-scale EPR: (i) at lower deformation levels; (ii) for shorter sensitization times; (iii) when localized microstructural regeneration is caused by the combined effect of deformation and subsequent sensitization. 相似文献
998.
Zbigniew Puchała 《Quantum Information Processing》2013,12(1):459-466
We give a criterion that is sufficient for controllability of multipartite quantum systems. We generalize the graph infection criterion to the quantum systems that cannot be described with the use of a graph theory. We introduce the notation of hypergraphs and reformulate the infection property in this setting. The introduced criterion has a topological nature and therefore it is not connected to any particular experimental realization of quantum information processing. 相似文献
999.
Andrés Vignaga Frédéric Jouault María Cecilia Bastarrica Hugo Brunelière 《Software and Systems Modeling》2013,12(1):105-119
Model management is essential for coping with the complexity introduced by the increasing number and varied nature of artifacts involved in model-driven engineering-based projects. Global model management (GMM) addresses this issue by enabling the representation of artifacts, particularly transformation composition and execution, within a model called a megamodel. Type information about artifacts can be used for preventing type errors during execution. Built on our previous work, in this paper we present the core elements of a type system for GMM that improves its original typing approach and enables both typechecking and type inference on artifacts within a megamodel. This type system is able to deal with non-trivial situations such as the use of higher order transformations. We also present a prototypical implementation of such a type system. 相似文献
1000.