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191.
Shift in thinking to address the 21st century hunger gap 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Malin Falkenmark 《Water Resources Management》2007,21(1):3-18
The present water policy debate is dominated by the 30 yr old mission to secure water supply and sanitation to all people.
The water needed to produce a nutritionally acceptable diet for one person is however 70 times as large as the amount needed
for domestic water supply. The food security dilemma is largest in arid climate regions, a situation constituting a formidable
challenge. It is suggested that an additional 5 600 km3/yr of consumptive water use will be needed to produce an adequate amount of food by 2050 – i.e almost a doubling of today’s
consumptive use of 6800 km3/yr. Past misinterpretations and conceptual deficiencies show the importance of a shift in thinking. Combining the scale of
the challenge and the time scale of the efforts to feed humanity and eradicate hunger leads to an impression of great urgency.
This urgency strengthens the call for international research both for supporting agricultural upgrading, and for much better
handling of issues of environmental sustainability. What stands out is the need of a new generation of water professionals,
able to handle complexity and able to incorporate water implications of land use and of ecosystem health in integrated water
resources management. It will for those reasons be essential and urgent to upgrade the educational system to producing this
new generation. 相似文献
192.
Kai Kang 《Fire Technology》2007,43(4):331-346
This paper presents an emergency evacuation analysis during a mid-platform train fire in an underground rail station. A time-based
evacuation scenario is developed taking into account the stairway inaccessibility due to smoke blockage. The calculation approach
in NFPA 130 is then applied to a parametric study of this time-based scenario and its reliability is examined using a micro-simulation
model. Both methods give consistent predictions of the exiting times. The results demonstrate that with the division of the
station into two zones, the exiting time could not meet the code requirements, whereas it does meet the required exiting time
without the division. Such division is due to smoke blockage and creates an uneven ratio of the occupant load to the available
exiting capacity. This shows that appropriate consideration of the fire and smoke effects is important for station egress
evaluation. Other issues such as the fire growth rate and the pre-evacuation time are also discussed. 相似文献
193.
194.
Advanced high-energy plasma systems are being used to achieve the benefits of the high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) system without
losing the inherent advantages of plasma for coating of gas turbine parts. MCrAlY coatings play a very important role in the
performance and reliability of gas turbine components. One of the important considerations for next generation of gas turbines,
which have more demanding conditions and need to withstand ever increasing operating temperatures, is that they should possess
very low oxygen content levels in the coating. Low oxygen content coatings are applied by the expensive low-pressure plasma
spray (LPPS)/vacuum plasma spray (VPS) technique for critical components in aero- and land-based gas turbines. This work deals
with the development of low-cost LPPS equivalent coatings (having low oxygen content) using the high-energy high-velocity
plasma spray (HEHVPS) gun and inert gas shroud. A comparison has also been made with CoNiCrAlY coatings by HVOF. 相似文献
195.
Jong Whan Lee Dong Hee Kwon Jeong Suk Kim Duck Whan Kim Myung Chang Kang Bok Kyu Lim 《Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology》2007,21(2):244-250
This paper presents an investigation on the characteristics of damaged layer in micro-machining by using the ultrahigh-speed
air spindle. The damaged layer in metal cutting is derived from plastic deformation and transformation of metal structure.
In this study, micro-cutting force, surface roughness, and plastic deformation layer according to the variation of machining
conditions were investigated by experiments. The damaged layer was measured using optical microscope for the samples prepared
by metallographic techniques. Its scale was dependent on cutting process parameters, especially feed per tooth. According
to experimental results, it was verified that the thickness of damaged layer was increased with increasing of feed per tooth
and cutting depth, also thickness of damaged layer was reduced in down-milling compared to upmilling during micro-endmilling
operation. 相似文献
196.
In this study, distribution and history of residual stresses in plaque-like geometries are simulated based on linear thermoviscoelastic
model, which helps to understand the mechanics and evolution of the residual stresses in the injection molding process. The
numerical calculation of direction, combined with the specified boundary conditions. Results show that the stress variation
across the thickness exhibits a high surface tensile value changing to a compressive peak value close to the surface, with
the core region experiencing a parabolic tensile peak. Residual stress distribution throughout the thickness is almost same
along the flowpath and the final residual stresses value near the gate is lower than the value near the end of flowpath. 相似文献
197.
A method for the time suboptimal control of an industrial manipulator from an initial position and orientation to a final
position and orientation as it moves along a specified path is proposed. Nonlinear system equations that describe the manipulator
motion are linearized at each time step along the path. A method which gives the control inputs (joint angular velocities)
for time suboptimal control of the manipulator is developed. In the formulation, joint angular velocity and acceleration limitations
are also taken into consideration. A six degree of freedom elbow type manipulator is used in numerical examples to verify
the method developed. 相似文献
198.
Nelson Oly Ndubisi 《AI & Society》2007,21(3):287-302
Non-business e-commerce adoption refers to the use of e-commerce by not-for profit organizations such as religious organizations,
government agencies and academic institutions to reduce their expenses or to improve their operations and customer service.
Being a new research niche in the field of e-commerce, non-business e-commerce has received very little or no research attention.
This has resulted in a very poor understanding of this niche, especially with regards to its adoption facilitators and inhibitors.
Based on this impetus, a field survey of Malaysian Universities was conducted to determine the key factors that facilitate
non-business EC adoption as well as the role of gender differential. A comprehensive list of potential facilitators for the
strategic use of information technology was derived from extant research reports and used to collect data from five public
universities in Malaysia. The data were factor-analysed to determine the key underlying dimensions of facilitators. On the
basis of the resulting five dimensions namely, relative advantage orientation, network orientation, information efficiency
orientation, innovativeness orientation and competitiveness orientation, regression analysis was done to determine the impact
of the five dimensions on adoption. Dummy variable was created for gender and applied in the regression analysis in order
to estimate the moderation effect of sex typing on the relationship between the resulting dimensions and adoption. Implications
of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
199.
Bing Q. Han Farghalli A. Mohamed Enrique J. Lavernia 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2003,34(1):71-83
In the present study, the mechanical properties of Fe processed via severe plastic deformation (equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP)) at room temperature were investigated for the first time.
The grain size of annealed Fe, with an initial grain size of about 200 μm, was reduced drastically during ECAP. After eight passes, the grain size reaches 200 to 400 nm, as documented by means of
transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The value of microhardness during pressing increases 3 times over that of the starting
material after the first pass and increases slightly during subsequent pressing for higher-purity Fe. Examination of the value
of microhardness after eight passes as a function of post-ECAP annealing temperature shows a transition from recovery to recrystallization,
an observation that resembles the behavior reported for heavily deformed metals and alloys. The tensile and compression behaviors
were examined. In tension, a drop in the engineering stress-engineering strain curve beyond maximum load was observed both
in the annealed Fe and the ECAP Fe. This drop is related to the neck deformation. The fracture surface, examined by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), shows vein patterns, which is different from the dimples found on the fracture surface of annealed
Fe. In compression, an initial strain-hardening region followed by a no-strain-hardening region was observed in the ECAP Fe.
The yield strength in tension of the ECAP Fe was observed to be higher than that in compression. The strengthening mechanisms
and softening behavior are discussed. 相似文献
200.
Peter Su Adrian Gerlich Motomichi Yamamoto Thomas H. North 《Journal of Materials Science》2007,42(24):9954-9965
The formation of local melted films during friction stir spot welding of as-cast AZ91D and thixomolded AZ91 material is investigated.
The average temperatures close to the tip of the rotating pin vary from 438 to 454 °C during the dwell period in friction
stir spot welding. These measured temperature values are higher than the melting temperature of α-Mg + Mg17Al12 eutectic (437 °C). It is suggested that the temperature in the stir zone during the dwell period is determined by the relative
proportions of α-Mg and (α-Mg + Mg17Al12) eutectic material, which are incorporated during friction stir spot welding. Based on the stir zone temperature measurements
and a detailed examination of material located at the root of the pin thread it is suggested that material is moved downwards
via the pin thread and into the stir zone during the dwell period in friction stir spot welding. Evidence of local melted
film formation is observed in the stir zone of AZ91 spot welds. It is suggested that melted films are retained since their
dissolution rate is much slower in the high temperature stir zone than it is when melted films is formed in the stir zone
during Al 7075-T6 friction stir spot welding. The spontaneous melting temperature, solute diffusion rate and the thermodynamic
driving force for droplet dissolution are much higher during Al 7075-T6 friction stir spot welding. 相似文献