Abscheidung von Hartstoffschichten des Typs (B,C,N) bei niedrigen Beschichtungstemperaturen im PACVD-Prozeß

Deposition of hard coatings type (B,C,N) at low coating temperatures by PACVD In this study the deposition of (B,C,N) layers by means of low temperature (250°C) pulsed DC plasma assisted CVD process was investigated using a metallo-organic compound as precursor being synthesized in a new way. It is shown that the deposition of (B,C,N) layers is possible with high hardness and adhesion in the investigated parameter range.     

平板显示器制造中用作精密淀积设备的喷墨印刷头

显示器设备制造商之间有着共同的发展计划,电子流体显色剂和喷墨印刷头的设计者们已成功实现了大型电子显示板平板显示器引导线制造中特制的喷墨印刷头的发展计划。这种喷墨印刷头正在被认作各种大面积液晶显示器制造工艺的精密淀积设备。现这种喷墨型设备的市场需求正在不断增长。对于通过单独整理每个喷嘴通道进行一个128喷嘴的压力式喷墨印刷头流体下降位置控制情况给予了介绍。这种印刷头用作大型电子显示板显示器引导线的制造,通过采用不同的印刷头便可使大面积衬底的生产率得到提高的机会。讨论了通过印刷头和系统设计提高生产率实质。其它的高技术市场为利用精密降落位置和降落量控制。并给出了采用喷嘴制作印刷电路极的一些例子。     

Stability of limonin glucoside in beverage matrices

BACKGROUND: We completed a study over a 200‐day period examining the stability of limonin glucoside formulated into three beverage matrices. RESULTS: Beverages containing limonin glucoside were found to contain limonin (0.13–20.10 mg L^?1) during their initial testing; however, these concentrations were directly attributable to the presence of contaminating limonin in the particular lot of limonin glucoside used to prepare the beverage and did not increase over the test period. Likewise, limonin glucoside concentrations did not vary significantly, with the exception of the beverage matrix that included vitamin B₂. Exposure of the vitamin B₂‐containing beverages to light resulted in a rapid reduction in the limonin glucoside content. Liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance results from the analyses of pre‐ and post‐light exposed beverages suggest photooxidation of the furan moiety as the likely degradation pathway. CONCLUSION: Results from this study indicate that limonin glucoside is resistant to degradation into limonin, the stability of limonin glucoside formulated into beverages exceeds six months and that limonin glucoside should not be formulated into beverages containing vitamin B₂ unless the beverages are protected from light. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New insights into the association between lameness,behavior, and performance in Simmental cows

In a herd of 100 milking Simmental cows, data of performance and behavior parameters were collected automatically with different systems such as pedometers, an automatic milking system, and automatic weighing troughs for 1 yr. Performance measures were several milking-related parameters, live weight, as well as feed intake. Behavior-associated measures were feeding behavior (e.g. feeding duration, number of visits to the trough, and feeding pace) as well as activity such as lying duration, number of lying bouts, and overall activity. In the same time, lameness status of every cow was assessed with weekly locomotion scoring. According to the score animals were then classified lame (score 4 or 5) or nonlame (score 1, 2, or 3). From these data in total, 25 parameters summarized to daily values were evaluated for their ability to determine the lameness status of a cow. Data were analyzed with a regularized regression method called elastic net with the outcome lame or nonlame. The final model had a high prediction accuracy with an area under the curve of 0.91 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.88–0.94]. Specificity was 0.81 (95% CI = 0.73–0.85) and sensitivity was 0.94 (95% CI = 0.88–1.00). The most important factors associated with a cow being lame were number of meals, average feed intake per meal, and average duration of a meal. Lame cows fed in fewer and shorter meals with a decreased intake per meal. Milk yield and lying-behavior-associated parameters were relevant in the model, too, but only as parts of interaction terms demonstrating their strong dependence on other factors. A higher milk yield only resulted in higher risk of being lame if feed intake was decreased. The same accounts for lying duration: only if lying time was below the 50% quantile did an increased milk yield result in a higher risk of being lame. The association of lameness and daily lying duration was influenced by daily feeding duration and feeding duration at daytime. The results of the study give deeper insights on how the association between behavior and performance parameters and lameness is influenced by intrinsic factors in particular and that many of these have to be considered when trying to predict lameness based on such data. The findings lead to a better understanding why, for instance, lying duration or milk yield seem to be highly correlated with lameness in cows but still have not been overly useful as parameters in other lameness detection models.     

Exploring emotional and cognitive dynamics of Knowledge Building in grades 1 and 2

User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction - Emotions have a powerful effect on learning but results regarding the nature of the impact are inconsistent and little is known about effects with young...     

Effect of pre-treatment with carbon monoxide and film properties on the quality of vacuum packaging of beef chops

Beef chops (longissimus dorsi) were pre-treated with 5% carbon monoxide (CO) − 95% N₂ for 24 h, vacuum packed in thermo-contractile bags and stored at 0 ± 2°C. Shelf life, as determined by the viable aerobic bacterial load, was 11 weeks. Vacuum-packed chops with heat-contractile film produced a smaller drip loss, had a more intense red colour and higher colour stability under storage than chops with non-heat-contractile film. Chops pre-treated with CO were redder during all the storage period than controls without CO. The pre-treatment did not affect pH, water-holding capacity, drip loss or rancidity of the meat stored in vacuum. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Auswirkungen von Baggerungen und Verklappungen hochwasserbedingter Feinsedimentablagerungen am Fallbeispiel Winterhafen Linz/Donau

In the case study “Winterhafen Linz” the effects of dredging/excavating fine sediments previously deposited by flood events and their subsequent dumping into the Danube mainstream were investigated. While this maintenance work was in progress, the temporal and spatial extent of the sediment plume and the changes in bed topography were measured. By employing air-lift samplers and grab samplers in the dredging and dumping areas, the question as to whether, and if so to what extent, the benthic invertebrate community was disturbed by the maintenance work. It could be clearly demonstrated that the sediment dredging severely affected the benthic invertebrates (an 82 % decline in biomass), while the dumping of the material had no effects on the Danube biota. Numerical modeling was used to simulate discharges and dumping locations other than those actually encountered during the monitoring campaign, thus making it possible to extrapolate and draw conclusions beyond the concrete results. These findings in turn provided the basis for recommendations on how to optimize dredging and dumping procedures on the Danube in future.     

Gemeinsame österreichisch-ungarische Sedimentforschung im Rahmen des EFRE-Projektes SEDDON

The multiple uses of the Danube River for navigation, hydropower production and as a drinking water supply influence its ecological quality. Flow restrictions due to regulation as well as impacts on the sediment regime such as retention in the catchment area and interruption of the sediment continuum result in changes of the hydromorphological structures and can produce major problems in the context of sediment management. In light of these facts, cross-border investigations of sediment transport at the Danube River are called for. As there are no uniform research approaches shared by Austria and Hungary, the EU-funded project SEDDON (Sediment Research and Management at the Danube River) aims to compare different monitoring and modeling techniques used to determine sediment transport, and to develop mutual solutions. Further, the laboratory equipment currently used for hydraulic model experiments is evaluated and a research channel with a free flowing discharge of up to 10 m³/s without pumping will be constructed, allowing large-scale joint laboratory tests concerning sediment to be performed.