Lignin‐derived heteroatom‐doped porous carbons for supercapacitor and CO2 capture applications

The present study reports the economic and sustainable syntheses of functional porous carbons for supercapacitor and CO₂ capture applications. Lignin, a byproduct of pulp and paper industry, was successfully converted into a series of heteroatom‐doped porous carbons (LHPCs) through a hydrothermal carbonization followed by a chemical activating treatment. The prepared carbons include in the range of 2.5 to 5.6 wt% nitrogen and 54 wt% oxygen in its structure. All the prepared carbons exhibit micro‐ and mesoporous structures with a high surface area in the range of 1788 to 2957 m² g^?1. As‐prepared LHPCs as an active electrode material and CO₂ adsorbents were investigated for supercapacitor and CO₂ capture applications. Lignin‐derived heteroatom‐doped porous carbon 850 shows an outstanding gravimetric specific capacitance of 372 F g^?1 and excellent cyclic stability over 30,000 cycles in 1 M KOH. Lignin‐derived heteroatom‐doped porous carbon 700 displays a remarkable CO₂ capture capacity of up to 4.8 mmol g^?1 (1 bar and 298 K). This study illustrates the effective transformation of a sustainable waste product into a highly functional carbon material for energy storage and CO₂ separation applications.     

A Hypothesis for the Chemical Basis for Perception of Sour Taste

ABSTRACT: Sour taste has been considered the simplest of the basic tastes because it is elicited only by hydrogen ions. However, there is not a sufficiently clear understanding of that relationship to allow sour taste intensity to be predicted and rationally modified in foods. On the basis of analysis of sensory data from our laboratory and reanalysis of previously published data, we propose a new hypothesis for the chemical basis for sour taste perception: The intensity of sour taste perception in acid solutions or acidified foods is linearly related to the molar concentration of all organic acid species with at least 1 protonated carboxyl group plus the molar concentration of free hydrogen ions. This hypothesis implies that, on a molar basis, different organic acids will be equally sour, provided at least 1 carboxyl group is protonated. The major effect of pH on sour taste will be to determine the degree of protonation of organic acids. If this hypothesis is confirmed, it will provide a new understanding of the chemical basis for this basic taste perception and have broad usefulness in the formulation of products in which sour taste is an important component of flavor.     

Methods of mixing donor human milk during bottling results in fat differences between samples within a pool

The influence of milk-banking processes on nutrients in donor human milk (DHM) is largely unknown. Previous studies have measured nutrients between pools of DHM, but within-pool nutrient differences (between bottles from the same pool) have yet to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of the effect of different mixing characteristics on the distribution of fat, protein, IgA, and lysozyme in bottled, raw DHM. Pools of DHM were created in a laboratory setting according to published human milk-banking guidelines and assigned to a mixing treatment (mixing during bottling method, pooling container material, and refrigerated hold time). Four mixing protocols using glass pooling containers and a 1-h refrigerated hold time were tested: control (no mixing during bottling); manual-A (Man-A, hand swirl after pouring 3 bottles); manual-B (Man-B, hand swirl after pouring every bottle); and mechanical-G (Mech-G, continuous stirring with a magnet). As secondary objectives, we compared the effect of a glass and a plastic pooling container with mechanical mixing (mechanical-P, Mech-P), and compared refrigerated delays of 1 and 24 h before bottling with manual mixing (manual-A24, Man-A24). To control for differences in nutrient content, comparisons between treatments were made using absolute percent difference from the treatment-specific mean; and comparisons within a treatment were made using the ratio of fat content in a bottle to fat content in the first bottle of the same pool. We did not observe differences in nutrient distribution between Man-A, Man-B, and Mech-G in pools held for 1 h, but all were significantly different from the control for fat. There were no differences between glass or plastic pooling containers when mechanical mixing was used. Holding a pool in the refrigerator for 24 h before bottling created significantly greater fat distribution than holding a pool for 1 h. Outcomes were the result of controlled experiments. In summary, manual and mechanical mixing of 1,700-mL DHM pools produces similar fat and protein distributions when DHM is pooled and bottled after a 1-h hold time. When DHM is held for 24 h before bottling, more research is needed to determine the duration of initial mixing needed to reduce fat variability between bottles.     

Reduced-fat Cheddar cheese from a mixture of cream and liquid milk protein concentrate

Reduced-fat Cheddar cheese (RFC) was manufactured from standardized milk (casein/fat, C/F ˜ 1.8), obtained by (1) mixing whole milk (WM) and skim milk (SM) (control) or (2) mixing liquid milk protein concentrate (LMPC) and 35% fat cream (experimental). The percentage yield, total solid (TS) and fat recoveries in the experimental RFC were 22.0, 63.0 and 89.5 compared to 9.0, 50.7 and 87.0 in the control RFC, respectively. The average % moisture, fat, protein, salt and lactose were 40.7, 15.3, 32.8, 1.4 and 0.07%, respectively, in the experimental cheese and 39.3, 15.4, 33.0, 1.3 and 0.10%, respectively, in the control cheese. No growth of nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) was detected in the control or the experimental cheeses up to 3 months of ripening. After 6 months of ripening, the experimental cheese had 10⁷ cfu NSLAB/g compared to 10⁶ cfu/g in the control. The control cheese had higher levels of water-soluble nitrogen (WSN) and total free amino acids after 6 months of ripening than the experimental cheese. Sensory analysis showed that the experimental cheeses had lower intensities of milk fat and fruity flavours and decreased bitterness but higher intensities of sulphur and brothy flavours than in the control cheese. The experimental cheeses were less mature compared to the control after 270 days of ripening. It can be concluded from the results of this study that LMPC can be used in the manufacture of RFC to improve yield, and fat and TS recovery. However, proteolysis in cheese made with LMPC and cream is slower than that made with WM and SM.     

协作销售:提高B2B企业销售业绩的利器

对于B2B公司来说,和某些特定的重要客户建立十分牢固的协作关系,至关重要.     

The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias.

The authors propose an alternative conceptualization of the developmental dyslexias, the double-deficit hypothesis (i.e., phonological deficits and processes underlying naming-speed deficits represent 2 separable sources of reading dysfunction). Data from cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-linguistic studies are reviewed supporting the presence of 2 single-deficit subtypes with more limited reading impairments and 1 double-deficit subtype with more pervasive and severe impairments. Naming-speed and phonological-awareness variables contribute uniquely to different aspects of reading according to this conception, with a model of visual letter naming illustrating both the multicomponential nature of naming speed and why naming speed should not be subsumed under phonological processes. Two hypotheses concerning relationships between naming-speed processes and reading are considered. The implications of processing speed as a second core deficit in dyslexia are described for diagnosis and intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

False memories for end-of-life decisions.

Objective: To examine people's false memories for end-of-life decisions. Design: In Study 1, older adults decided which life-sustaining treatments they would want if they were seriously ill. They made these judgments twice, approximately 12 months apart. At Time 2, older adults and their self-selected surrogate decision makers tried to recall the older adults' Time 1 decisions. In Study 2, younger adults made treatment decisions twice, approximately 4 months apart. At Time 2, younger adults tried to recall their Time 1 decisions. Main Outcome Measures: Percentage of participants who falsely remembered that their original treatment decisions were the same as their current decisions. Results: In Study 1, older adults falsely remembered that 75% of their original decisions were the same as their current decisions; surrogates falsely thought that 86% of older adults' decisions were the same. In Study 2, younger adults falsely remembered that 69% of their original decisions were the same as their current decisions. Conclusion: Age alone cannot account for people's false memories of their end-of-life decisions; we discuss other mechanisms. The results have practical implications for policies that encourage people to make legal documents specifying their end-of-life treatment decisions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Emotion regulation in schizophrenia: Affective, social, and clinical correlates of suppression and reappraisal.

Individuals can exert considerable control over their experience and expression of emotion by applying different regulatory strategies such as reappraisal and suppression. However, although it has been suggested that blunted affect in schizophrenia, characterized by markedly reduced emotion expressivity alongside apparently normal emotion experience, may reflect overuse of suppression, no study to date has assessed self-reported use of these different emotion regulatory strategies in relation to this disorder. In the present study, 41 individuals with schizophrenia and 38 control participants completed a self-report measure that differentiated between use of suppression and reappraisal. Symptom severity and various aspects of cognitive and psychosocial functioning were also assessed. Relative to controls, individuals with schizophrenia did not differ with regard to their reported use of suppression and reappraisal, and reported use of both strategies was unrelated to clinical ratings of blunted affect. However, whereas (lower) use of reappraisal was associated with greater social function impairment for both groups, only for controls was (greater) use of suppression associated with reduced social functioning. Implications for understanding blunted affect and social dysfunction in schizophrenia are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dear diary, is plastic better than paper? I can't remember: Comment on Green, Rafaeli, Bolger, Shrout, and Reis (2006).

In this commentary, the authors discuss the implications of A. S. Green, E. Rafaeli, N. Bolger, P. E. Shrout, and H. T. Reis's (2006) diary studies (see record 2006-03820-006) with respect to memory. Researchers must take 2 issues into account when determining whether paper-and-pencil or handheld electronic diaries gather more trustworthy data. The first issue is a matter of prospective memory, and the second is a matter of reconstructive memory. The authors review the research on these issues and conclude that regardless of the type of diary researchers use, several factors can conspire to produce prompt--but inaccurate--data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sex and location as determinants of handedness: Reply to Vuoksimaa and Kaprio (2010).

In response to the comment by Vuoksimaa and Kaprio (2010) on our previous article on sex differences in left-handedness (Papadatou-Pastou, Martin, Munafò, and Jones, 2008), we carried out an additional meta-analysis to explore whether the widely observed tendency for rates of left-handedness to be greater among male than female individuals is also found in Scandinavian (Nordic) studies. The overall male-to-female ratio for left- to right-handedness odds provides evidence in favor of this hypothesis. However, the results were subject to a significant moderating effect related to nation of origin. We discuss the potential impact on observed measures of additive rather than multiplicative processes that may underlie sex differences in handedness and also the date-of-study effect on handedness rates. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)