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211.
    
Charge transfer at organic‐organic heterojunctions is fundamental to several organic electronics devices, including light‐emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells, light‐emitting transistors, and ambipolar field‐effect transistors. Here, probe charge transfer (CT) processes during the formation of an organic‐organic heterojunction are probed by performing in situ real‐time electrical characterization during the growth of pentacene/C60 ambipolar transistors. N‐type C60 channel formation follows two different percolation pathways, one being associated to linear C60 structures growing along pentacene grain boundaries and the other to C60 island percolation. Upon n‐channel formation a shift of pentacene p‐type transfer characteristics is observed, which is attributed to CT across the heterojunction interface as a result of Fermi level alignment. The findings allow estimation of the energy of thermally accessible CT‐states and their mobility along the interface. Finally, a model is proposed that relates the amount of transferred charge to details in the bilayer morphology and layer thicknesses. The model relies on the capacitive coupling between C60 and pentacene in the accumulation layer, which is consistent with a single hole transport channel.  相似文献   
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Conducting channel formation in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) is considered to happen in the organic semiconductor layer very close to the interface with the gate dielectric. In the gradual channel approximation, the local density of accumulated charge carriers varies as a result of applied gate bias, with the majority of the charge carriers being localized in the first few semiconductor monolayers close to the dielectric interface. In this report, a new concept is employed which enables the accumulation of charge carriers in the channel by photoinduced charge transfer. An OFET employing C60 as a semiconductor and divinyltetramethyldisiloxane‐bis(benzocyclobutene) as the gate dielectric is modified by a very thin noncontinuous layer of zinc‐phthalocyanine (ZnPc) at the semiconductor/dielectric interface. With this device geometry, it is possible to excite the phthalocyanine selectively and photogenerate charges directly at the semiconductor/dielectric interface via photoinduced electron transfer from ZnPc onto C60. Thus the formation of a gate induced and a photoinduced channel in the same device can be correlated.  相似文献   
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A system is presented to jointly achieve image watermarking and compression. The watermark is a fragile one being intended for authentication purposes. The watermarked and compressed images are fully compliant with the JPEG-LS standard, the only price to pay being a slight reduction of compression efficiency and an additional distortion that can be anyway tuned to grant a maximum preset error. Watermark detection is possible both in the compressed and in the pixel domain, thus increasing the flexibility and usability of the system. The system is expressly designed to be used in remote sensing and telemedicine applications, hence we designed it in such a way that the maximum compression and watermarking error can be strictly controlled (near-lossless compression and watermarking). Experimental results show the ability of the system to detect tampering and to limit the peak error between the original and the processed images.  相似文献   
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We report on our experience in the Esprit OpenDREAMS project that targets the domain of Supervision and Control Systems (SCS). During this project we studied how a CORBA‐based application can be designed starting from a typical SCS requirement document by integrating a formal approach with some CORBA concepts. We present a case study that shows how an existing object‐oriented methodology based on the formal specification language TRIO can be tailored towards supporting CORBA‐based applications. The application taken into account is in the field of the Energy Management Systems, namely a diagnostic system for the steam condenser of a thermoelectric power plant. The paper describes how to obtain the architectural design of a CORBA‐based application starting from the formal specification of its requirements expressed in TRIO by means of a sequence of transformation steps. At the end of such sequence of steps a complete structure of the application classes, with their mutual relations and their IDL interfaces, is built. Finally, the paper discusses how TRIO can be used to validate the architectural choices made with respect to the application critical requirements. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
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Hyperbaric storage (HS), storage under pressure at 25°C and 30°C, of a ready‐to‐eat (RTE) soup was studied and compared with refrigeration. Soup was stored at different time (4 and 8 h), temperature (4°C, 25°C, and 30°C), and pressure (0.1, 100, and 150 MPa) conditions, to compare microbial loads and physicochemical parameters. HS resulted in similar (microbial growth inhibition) to better (microbial inactivation) results compared to refrigeration, leading to equal and lower microbial loads, respectively, at the end of storage. Lower/higher pressure (100 vs. 150 MPa) and shorter/longer storage times (4 vs. 8 h) resulted in more pronounced microbial growth inhibition/microbial inactivation. Aerobic mesophiles showed less susceptibility to HS, compared to Enterobacteriaceae and yeast and molds. HS maintained generally the physicochemical parameters at values similar to refrigeration. Thus, HS with no need for temperature control throughout storage and so basically energetically costless, is a potential alternative to refrigeration.  相似文献   
218.
A ruthenium oxide hexacyanoferrate (RuOHCF) modified electrode was developed. Hydrodynamic voltammetry was employed to demonstrate the remarkable electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of 2'-deoxyguanosine. The RuOHCF modified electrode was used as amperometric detector for 2'-deoxyguanosine determination in a FIA apparatus. The influence of various experimental conditions was explored for optimum analytical performance, and at these experimental conditions, the method exhibited a linear response range to 2'-deoxyguanosine extending from 3.8 to 252 micromol L(-1) with detection limit of 94 nmol L(-1). Applications in DNA samples were examined, and the results for determination of 2'-deoxyguanosine were in good agreement with those obtained by HPLC analysis. Studies on the kinetics of the in vitro consumption of 2'-deoxyguanosine by acetaldehyde were also performed.  相似文献   
219.
Two high-relaxivity nanoscale magnetic resonance contrast agents have been built using bacteriophage MS2 as a biomolecular scaffold. Protein capsid shells were functionalized on either the exterior or interior surface to display multiple copies of an aldehyde functional group. Subsequently, approximately 90 heteropodal bis(hydroxypyridonate)terephthalamide ligands were attached to these sites through oxime condensation reactions. Upon complexation with Gd3+, contrast agents with ionic relaxivities of up to 41.6 mM-1 s-1 (30 MHz, 25 degrees C) and total molecular relaxivities of up to 3900 mM-1 s-1 (30 MHz, 25 degrees C) were produced. Capsids sequestering the Gd-chelates on the interior surface (attached through tyrosine residues) not only provided higher relaxivities than their exterior functionalized counterparts (which relied on lysine modification) but also exhibited improved water solubility and capsid stability. The attachment functional cargo to the interior surface is envisioned to minimize its influences on biodistribution, yielding significant advantages for tissue targeting by additional groups attached to the capsid exterior.  相似文献   
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