页岩气井脆性页岩井壁裂缝扩展机理

页岩钻井中井壁失稳是制约页岩气大规模开发的关键技术难题。阐述了页岩井壁稳定技术现状和存在的问题,借助固体力学、断裂力学和界面化学理论,建立了介质润湿特性控制的裂缝扩展模型,提出了基于润湿理论的页岩井壁稳定评价方法。研究结果表明,页岩地层钻井时水基钻井液应减小钻井液界面张力和增大钻井液与岩石的润湿角;油基钻井液应减小钻井液界面张力和润湿角,从而强化井壁围岩强度、防止页岩井壁发生垮塌。页岩地层井壁稳定性尺度效应明显,不同尺度条件下井壁围岩裂缝扩展机制各异。探索不同尺度条件下页岩井壁围岩失稳机制,对页岩气井钻井液设计具有重要的意义。      

Microscopic melanoma detection and classification: A framework of pixel‐based fusion and multilevel features reduction

The numbers of diagnosed patients by melanoma are drastic and contribute more deaths annually among young peoples. An approximately 192,310 new cases of skin cancer are diagnosed in 2019, which shows the importance of automated systems for the diagnosis process. Accordingly, this article presents an automated method for skin lesions detection and recognition using pixel‐based seed segmented images fusion and multilevel features reduction. The proposed method involves four key steps: (a) mean‐based function is implemented and fed input to top‐hat and bottom‐hat filters which later fused for contrast stretching, (b) seed region growing and graph‐cut method‐based lesion segmentation and fused both segmented lesions through pixel‐based fusion, (c) multilevel features such as histogram oriented gradient (HOG), speeded up robust features (SURF), and color are extracted and simple concatenation is performed, and (d) finally variance precise entropy‐based features reduction and classification through SVM via cubic kernel function. Two different experiments are performed for the evaluation of this method. The segmentation performance is evaluated on PH2, ISBI2016, and ISIC2017 with an accuracy of 95.86, 94.79, and 94.92%, respectively. The classification performance is evaluated on PH2 and ISBI2016 dataset with an accuracy of 98.20 and 95.42%, respectively. The results of the proposed automated systems are outstanding as compared to the current techniques reported in state of art, which demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.     

Polarized Optoelectronics of CsPbX3 (X = Cl,Br, I) Perovskite Nanoplates with Tunable Size and Thickness

Low dimensional semiconductor nanomaterials have shown their tailorable properties for a variety of promising applications in decades. Here a general strategy to synthesize all‐inorganic CsPbX₃ (X = Cl, Br, I or their mixture) perovskite 2D nanoplates by introducing additional metal halides MX'₂ or MX'₃ (M = Cu, Zn, Al or Pb, etc.; X' = Cl, Br or I) is reported. These CsPbX₃ perovskite nanoplates have uniform thickness and tunable size, which can be feasibly controlled by the component and ratio of the metal halides, temperature, time, and ligands. The well‐defined morphology of the nanoplates makes them ideal building blocks for the self‐assembly in the face‐to‐face and column‐by‐column arrangement. Compared to the optically isotropic CsPbX₃ nanocubes, the 2D CsPbX₃ nanoplates exhibit remarkable polarized UV–vis absorption and photoluminescence not only in liquid solvent and solid resin matrix, but also in self‐assembled films. An optoelectronic photodetector sensitive for linear polarized light is fabricated to demonstrate the proof‐of‐concept.     

基于改进U-Net网络的腺体细胞图像分割算法

针对腺体图像在自动分割过程中由于多尺度目标和信息丢失影响导致准确率降低的问题,文中采用了一种引入注意力模块的全卷积神经网络模型。该模型遵循编码器-解码器结构,在编码网络中用空洞残差卷积层代替原有的普通卷积层,并添加空洞金字塔池;再在解码网络中加入注意力模块,使模型输出高分辨率特征图,提高对多尺度目标的分割精度。实验结果表明,提出的网络模型参数少分割精度高,对腺体图像的平均分割精度高达89.7%,具有较好的鲁棒性。     

Optical,DC and AC electrical investigations of 4-hydroxy coumarin molecule as an organic Schottky diode

The current–voltage (I–V) and optical characteristics of 4-hydroxy coumarin Schottky diode were investigated. The conventional methods related with device were used to extract the various diode parameters. From dielectric study low dielectric constant and loss was observed. From its optical study, an indirect allowed transition is shown by this compound. The optical band gap (E _g ) was found to be around 3.78 eV. The observed properties shown by this molecule give a bright opportunity to explore its application for different organic devices.     

Environmental Kuznets Curve for carbon emissions in Pakistan: An empirical investigation

This study investigates the relationship between carbon emissions, income, energy consumption, and foreign trade in Pakistan for the period 1972–2008. By employing the Johansen method of cointegration, the study finds that there is a quadratic long-run relationship between carbon emissions and income, confirming the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve for Pakistan. Moreover, both energy consumption and foreign trade are found to have positive effects on emissions. The short-run results have, however, denied the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. The short-run results are unique to the existing literature in the sense that none of the long-run determinants of emissions is significant. The contradictory results of short- and long-run give policy makers the opportunity to formulate different types of growth policies for the two terms taking environmental issues into consideration. In addition, the uni-directional causality from growth to energy consumption suggests that the policy makers should not only focus on forecasting future demand for energy with different growth scenarios but also on obtaining the least cost energy. Furthermore, the absence of causality from emissions to growth suggests that Pakistan can curb its carbon emissions without disturbing its economic growth.     

包裹体爆裂测温法测定混凝土内部温度的研究

通过对埋设热电偶的不同类型混凝土分别加热到300℃、500℃、700℃后，对混凝土内部埋设热电偶处周边的石英砂提取试样，运用包裹体爆裂法检测试件内部经历的最高温度，并与热电偶测温法所测得的温度做比较，验证包裹体爆裂测温法的准确性，并检验包裹体的不可复现性。结果表明，包裹体爆裂法与热电偶测温法所得出的结论基本上还是一致的。     

环保型钻井液体系

在大量室内研究基础上,研发了环保型钻井液体系,其基础配方为:4%膨润土浆+0.3%IND-30+1.5%NAT-20+3%FXJS+2%NFT-25.该钻井液体系采用环保添加剂配制,抗温能力强,达150℃;抗污染性能佳,抗盐量可达30%,抗土侵量达8%;油层保护效果好,渗透率恢复率在81.5%以上;环保性能理想,废弃钻井液抛洒后,地表层0～20 cm厚度土壤的环境质量指标均保持在中国土壤环境质量标准二级水平以上,同时使沙地土壤的水分含量和肥力水平大大提高.该环保型钻井液体系已先后在塔里木、克拉玛依和江苏油田的15口井中获得成功应用,环保与油层保护效果理想.抛洒过废弃钻井液的井区周围土壤的有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量明显提高.与常规钻井液相比,使用环保型钻井液体系单井平均可节约综合成本40.87×10<'4>元,15口井总计可节约综合成本613.05×10<'4>元.     

Solvent‐stable UV‐cured acrylic polysulfone membranes

A systematic investigation of the effect of the presence of acrylate resin on polysulfone‐based membranes was performed with the aim of obtaining chemically stable crosslinked membranes without affecting their flux performances. The membranes were prepared via UV curing of the polymer dope followed by a non‐solvent‐induced phase separation process. Two different acrylic monomers were investigated and their amount was varied in the polymer dope, to study the influence of concentration on final results. High crosslinking degrees were achieved by irradiating the solution for one minute. Morphological investigations of the active surface and of the cross‐sections of the fabricated membranes showed that the typical porosity of ultrafiltration membranes was obtained starting from solutions containing a low amount of crosslinker (10 wt%), which is consistent with the water flux values which were comparable to that of the pristine polysulfone membrane. High concentrations of crosslinker resin in the initial polymer dope produced denser membranes with lower permeability. High rejection of 27 nm particles (>90%) was measured for all samples having measurable flux. The addition of the crosslinker allowed one to obtain stability in various solvents without affecting the flux and rejection performance of the porous membranes. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry