针对医疗设备的精确电池备份

本文通过测试测量方案介绍了如何进行医疗设备的精确电池备份。     

Development of Stretch Solder Interconnections for Wafer Level Packaging

A wafer level packaging technique has been developed with an inherent advantage of good solder joint co-planarity suitable for wafer level testing. A suitable weak metallization scheme has also been established for the detachment process. During the fabrication process, the compliancy of the solder joint is enhanced through stretching to achieve a small shape factor. Thermal cycling reliability of these hourglass-shaped, stretch solder interconnections has been found to be considerably better than that of the conventional spherical-shaped solder bumps.     

A distributed adverse drug reaction detection system using intelligent agents with a fuzzy recognition‐primed decision model

Discovering unknown adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in postmarketing surveillance as early as possible is highly desirable. Nevertheless, current postmarketing surveillance methods largely rely on spontaneous reports that suffer from serious underreporting, latency, and inconsistent reporting. Thus these methods are not ideal for rapidly identifying rare ADRs. The multiagent systems paradigm is an emerging and effective approach to tackling distributed problems, especially when data sources and knowledge are geographically located in different places and coordination and collaboration are necessary for decision making. In this article, we propose an active, multiagent framework for early detection of ADRs by utilizing electronic patient data distributed across many different sources and locations. In this framework, intelligent agents assist a team of experts based on the well‐known human decision‐making model called Recognition‐Primed Decision (RPD). We generalize the RPD model to a fuzzy RPD model and utilize fuzzy logic technology to not only represent, interpret, and compute imprecise and subjective cues that are commonly encountered in the ADR problem but also to retrieve prior experiences by evaluating the extent of matching between the current situation and a past experience. We describe our preliminary multiagent system design and illustrate its potential benefits for assisting expert teams in early detection of previously unknown ADRs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 22: 827–845, 2007.     

Neurophysiological Model of the Normal and Abnormal Human Pupil

A model of the pathways controlling the size of the human pupil is presented. Computer simulation of this model demonstrates the role played by each of the elements in the pupil pathways. Simulations of the effects of drugs and a few common abnormalities in the system also help to illustrate the workings of the internal processes. Computer models of this type can be used as teaching aids or as tools for testing of hypotheses regarding the system.     

Nitric oxide reduction at noble metal electrodes: a voltammetric study in acid solution

Features of the electrochemical reduction of nitric oxide on platinum, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium in aqueous perchloric acid solutions (0.33–1.0 M) are compared. The results from voltammetric studies (ie linear potential sweep and rotating disc electrode) using the bulk metal electrodes are described and compared with residual current voltage plots in acid electrolyte alone. In general, three nitric oxide reduction peaks are observed on the metals. The most anodic peak, at ca E = 0.15 V vs sce is attributed to the one-electron reduction of nitric oxide to an adsorbed NOH intermediate on a bare metal surface (ie one free of oxides or adsorbed hydrogen). The other two peaks occur in potential regions where adsorbed hydrogen is present on the metal surface (ca E = 0.0 and −0.20 V, respectively). The co-adsorbed hydrogen complicates the analysis and precludes an unambiguous interpretation of these two peaks. However, they apparently reflect nitric oxide reduction to nitrogen, hydroxylamine and/or ammonia. In a cathodic scan on the rhodium electrode, a current plateau is seen instead of the first (most anodic) peak, a probable consequence of oxide film formation with subsequent chemical complications. On the ruthenium electrode the first two (most anodic) peaks are not observed probably due to a relatively stable oxide layer. Reaction selectivities at metal black gas diffusion cathodes operating in an electrogenerative (ie galvanic) mode with perchloric acid electrolyte are compared with the voltammetric results at the corresponding bulk electrodes. Dinitrogen formation is observed on the platinum and rhodium black electrodes as suggested from voltammetric results. A series-parallel reaction sequence is proposed to explain the results. Limitations of using simple voltammetric techniques for predicting behavior of large scale preparative electrochemical reactors are discussed.     

Pyrolysis and combustion of cellulose. VIII. Thermally initiated reactions of phosphonomethyl amide flame retardants

Several N-(phosphonomethyl) amides have previously been reported to act as particularly effective flame retardants for cellulose. It has also been demonstrated previously that the efficiency of a flame retardant on cellulose frequently parallels its ability to phosphorylate cellulosic hydroxyls at elevated temperatures. This study of the hydrolysis and alcoholysis reactions of N-(phosphonomethyl) amides establishes their unique reactivity. An explanation for this high reactivity is proposed on the basis of intramolecular assistance of the attack of water or alcohols at phosphorus by the carbonyl oxygen of the amide moiety.