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91.
Understanding consumer behaviour is of vital importance to consumer-oriented e-business models today. In this paper, we study the relationships between consumer perceptions of risk and trust and the attitude towards purchasing at a consumer-to-consumer electronic marketplace (EM). Typical for EM settings is that consumer behaviour is subject to perceptions of the selling party as well as of the institutional structures of the intermediary that is operating the EM. Building upon the well-established literature of trust, we consider the concepts of intermediary trust and seller trust. We extend this categorisation by introducing the concepts of intermediary risk and seller risk. We developed measurement instruments for intermediary risk and seller risk. All measurement scales have acceptable alphas and are unidimensional. An empirical study is conducted to explore the relationships between the risk and trust types and consumer purchase attitude. The results reveal significant, direct effects of seller trust and seller risk. Second-order effects of intermediary trust and intermediary risk are investigated and reported. The paper concludes with general observations and recommendations for research and practice. 相似文献
92.
STUDY DESIGN: Utility of using computed tomography to predict pedicle screw misplacement. OBJECTIVE: This study defines the sensitivity and specificity of predicting pedicle screw placement by experienced clinicians using a CT scan image. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: In clinical and research settings, the method most commonly used to evaluate pedicle screws placement has been computed tomography. However, no current literature describes the accuracy of this method of evaluating screw placement. METHOD: Cobalt-chrome and titanium alloy pedicle screws of identical size were placed in six cadaveric human lumbar spine. Wide laminectomy was performed to allow complete visualization of the pedicles. Three consecutive lumbar levels were instrumented in each spine, giving 36 pedicle screw placements to identify. The instrumented spines were imaged, and four orthopaedic spine surgeons and a musculoskeletal radiologist were asked to read the images to identify the accuracy of screw placement within the pedicles. RESULTS: The sensitivity rate of identifying a misplaced screw was 67 +/- 6% for cobalt-chrome screws compared with 86 +/- 5% for titanium screws (P < 0.005). The specificity rates of radiographic diagnosis of misplaced pedicle screws were 66 +/- 10% for cobalt-chrome screws and 88 +/- 8% for titanium screws (P < 0.005). Similarly, a statistically significant difference was found in the sensitivity rates of identifying screws placed correctly in the pedicle: 70 +/- 10% for cobalt-chrome screws versus 89 +/- 8% for titanium screws (P < 0.005). Overall accuracy rates were 68 +/- 7% for cobalt chrome screws versus 87 +/- 3% for titanium screws (P < 0.002). CONCLUSION: Reliance on the computed tomography scan data alone in determining accuracy of pedicle screws can lead to inaccuracies in both clinical and research conditions. 相似文献
93.
94.
Consistent calculation of fugacities of fluid mixtures remains as one of the most important subjects in contemporary molecular
thermodynamics. In practice, equations of state (EOSs) and gE-models have been used. However, most EOSs are erroneous for condensed phases at high densities and gE-models are inapplicable for pressuresensitive systems. Recently to remedy the shortcomings in both approaches, there has
been a surge of new gE-EOS mixing rules. By equating any set of EOS and gE-models, the limitations in both approaches could be resolved significantly. However, the self-consistency in the underlying
concept of those mixing rules remains controversial. During the last several years, the present authors proposed a new lattice-fluid
EOS and its simplification relevant to phase equilibrium calculations. Without employing any gE-EOS mixing rule and with only two parameters for a pure component and one adjustable interaction energy parameter for a binary
mixture, results obtained to date demonstrated that the EOSs are quantitatively applicable to a great variety of phase equilibrium
properties of mixtures, especially, for complex and/or macromolecular systems. In the present article we summarize the EOSs
and extended the applications to liquid-liquid Equilibria. In part I, we discussed briefly the molecular thermodynamic aspects
of general derivation of the EOS and a brief discussion of applying the EOSs to pure fluids while the illustrative application
to various real mixture systems is discussed in part II. 相似文献
95.
Cheol-Min Park Byung-Hyuk Min Jae-Hong Jun Juhn-Suk Yoo Min-Koo Han 《Electron Device Letters, IEEE》1997,18(1):16-18
We have fabricated a self-aligned offset-gated poly-Si thin film transistor (TFT) by employing a novel photoresist reflow process. The gate structure of the new device is consisted of two unique patterns: A main-gate and a sub-gate. The new fabrication method extends the gate-oxide over the offset region. With the assistance of the sub-gate and reflowed photoresist a self-aligned offset region is successfully obtained due to the offset oxide acting as an implantation mask. The poly-Si TFT with symmetrical offsets is easily fabricated and the new method does not require any additional offset mask step. Compared with the misaligned offset gated poly-Si TFTs, excellent symmetric electrical characteristics are obtained 相似文献
96.
In connection with the specific features of high velocity aerated flow generated by hydraulic engineering structures, the mathematical model is developed for high turbulence air-water two-phase flow with the use of twin flow theoretical model in this paper. Furthermore the numerical method is proposed to treat bubbled flows. In addition, on the basis of air-water stratified twin flow model, the new calculation methods and free surface tracking technique are proposed to describe complicated movements of the free surface. Finally, the proposed model is used to calculate artificial aerated flows. The computed results coincide quite well with experimental results. This means that the proposed method can provide solid basis for practical engineering design. 相似文献
97.
Although the dams produce remarkable social and economic benefits, the threat made by unsafe dams to the life and property of people who live in the lower river area is un-negligible. Based on the monitoring data which reflect the safety condition of dams, the risk degree concept is proposed and the analysis system and model for evaluating risk degree (rate) are established in this paper by combining the reliability theory and field monitoring data. The analysis method for risk degree is presented based on Bayesian approach. A five-grade risk degree system for dam operation risk and corresponding risk degree is put forward according to the safety condition of dams. The operation risks of four cascade dams on some river are analyzed by the model and approach presented here and the result is adopted by the owner. 相似文献
98.
Fanggao Chang Tao Li Yongxia Ge Zhenping Chen Zhongshi Liu Xiping Jing 《Journal of Materials Science》2007,42(17):7109-7115
DC resistivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss and positron annihilation spectra of (Ba1−x
Ho
x
)TiO3 ceramics have been measured as a function of holmium concentration x. It has been found that the DC resistivity of (Ba1−x
Ho
x
)TiO3 is strongly dependent on the Ho content: it decreases three orders of magnitude and reaches a minimum at x = 0.4%. Doping with 0.6% holmium increases the permittivity of BaTiO3 by approximately three times (from ∼1,300 to ∼4,000), with only a slight increase in the corresponding dielectric loss. The
local electron density and defect concentration estimated using positron annihilation technique conforms well to the features
found in the dielectric and resistivity measurements. The results have been discussed in terms of a mixed compensation model. 相似文献
99.
Document caching and connection caching are extensively studied problems. In document caching, one has to maintain caches
containing documents accessible in a network. In connection caching, one has to maintain a set of open network connections
that handle data transfer. Previous work investigated these two problems separately while in practice the problems occur together:
In order to load a document, one has to establish a connection between network nodes if the required connection is not already
open. In this paper we present the first study that integrates document and connection caching. We first consider a very basic
model in which all documents have the same size and the cost of loading a document or establishing a connection is equal to
1. We present deterministic and randomized online algorithms that achieve nearly optimal competitive ratios unless the size
of the connection cache is extremely small. We then consider general settings where documents have varying sizes. We investigate
a FAULT model in which the loading cost of a document is 1 as well as a BIT model in which the loading cost is equal to the
size of the document. 相似文献
100.
Non-redundant data clustering 总被引:6,自引:6,他引:0
Data clustering is a popular approach for automatically finding classes, concepts, or groups of patterns. In practice, this
discovery process should avoid redundancies with existing knowledge about class structures or groupings, and reveal novel,
previously unknown aspects of the data. In order to deal with this problem, we present an extension of the information bottleneck
framework, called coordinated conditional information bottleneck, which takes negative relevance information into account by maximizing a conditional mutual information score subject to
constraints. Algorithmically, one can apply an alternating optimization scheme that can be used in conjunction with different
types of numeric and non-numeric attributes. We discuss extensions of the technique to the tasks of semi-supervised classification
and enumeration of successive non-redundant clusterings. We present experimental results for applications in text mining and
computer vision. 相似文献