An Overview on SARS‑CoV‑2(COVID‑19)and Other Human Coronaviruses and Their Detection Capability via Amplification Assay,Chemical Sensing,Biosensing,Immunosensing,and Clinical Assays

A novel coronavirus of zoonotic origin(SARSCoV-2)has recently been recognized in patients with acute respiratory disease.COVID-19 causative agent is structurally and genetically similar to SARS and bat SARS-like coronaviruses.The drastic increase in the number of coronavirus and its genome sequence have given us an unprecedented opportunity to perform bioinformatics and genomics analysis on this class of viruses.Clinical tests like PCR and ELISA for rapid detection of this virus are urgently needed for early identification of infected patients.However,these techniques are expensive and not readily available for point-of-care(POC)applications.Currently,lack of any rapid,available,and reliable POC detection method gives rise to the progression of COVID-19 as a horrible global problem.To solve the negative features of clinical investigation,we provide a brief introduction of the general features of coronaviruses and describe various amplification assays,sensing,biosensing,immunosensing,and aptasensing for the determination of various groups of coronaviruses applied as a template for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.All sensing and biosensing techniques developed for the determination of various classes of coronaviruses are useful to recognize the newly immerged coronavirus,i.e.,SARS-CoV-2.Also,the introduction of sensing and biosensing methods sheds light on the way of designing a proper screening system to detect the virus at the early stage of infection to tranquilize the speed and vastity of spreading.Among other approaches investigated among molecular approaches and PCR or recognition of viral diseases,LAMP-based methods and LFAs are of great importance for their numerous benefits,which can be helpful to design a universal platform for detection of future emerging pathogenic viruses.     

Experimental Investigation and Thermodynamic Description of the Cu-Zr System

The Cu-Zr binary system is re-investigated via experiment and thermodynamic modeling. Four alloys were prepared by arc melting in order to check the controversial phase equilibria reported in the literature. Both as-cast and annealed alloys were examined by optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalysis, and the phase transformation temperatures were measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The intermetallic compounds, Cu₂₄Zr₁₃, Cu₂Zr and Cu₅Zr₈, were demonstrated to be not the stable phases. Based on the literature information and present experimental data, the Cu-Zr system was critically evaluated by means of CALculation of PHAse Diagram approach. A set of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters was obtained, and the calculated phase diagram and thermodynamic properties are in a satisfactory agreement with the experimental data.     

High-Throughput Determination of Interdiffusion Coefficients for Co-Cr-Fe-Mn-Ni High-Entropy Alloys

In this report, a combination of the diffusion multiple technique and the recently developed pragmatic numerical inverse method was employed for a high-throughput determination of interdiffusivity matrices in Co-Cr-FeMn-Ni high-entropy alloys (HEAs). Firstly, one face-centered cubic (fcc) quinary Co-Cr-Fe-Mn-Ni diffusion multiple at 1373 K was carefully prepared by means of the hot-pressing technique. Based on the composition profiles measured by the field emission electron probe micro analysis (FE-EPMA), the composition-dependent interdiffusivity matrices in quinary Co-Cr-Fe-Mn-Ni system at 1373 K were then efficiently determined using the pragmatic numerical inverse method. The determined interdiffusivities show good agreement with the limited results available in the literature. Moreover, the further comparison with the interdiffusivities in the lower-order systems indicates the sluggish diffusion effect in Co-Cr-Fe-Mn-Ni HEAs, which is however not observed in tracer diffusivities. In order for the convenience in further analysis, a generalized transformation relation among interdiffusivities with different dependent components in multicomponent systems was finally derived.     

Weldability and microstructural variations in weldments of Ti-5Ta-1.8Nb alloy

The successful replacement of the present generation of corrosion-resistant materials (nitric acid-grade stainless steel and Ti) by Ti-5Ta-1.8Nb, which has better corrosion resistance, depends on its weldability characteristics. This article presents the results of a study on the fabrication, qualification, and microstructural characterization of the welds. Welding was carried out using the direct current electrode negative (DCEN) polarity tungsten inert gas (TIG) (manual) welding method with high-purity Ar shielding. Testing was carried out as per the ASME standard (section IX, welding and brazing). Qualification tests found that the weldment met the required properties. The weldment showed heterogeneous microstructures, which are rationalized based on differences in phase transformation mechanisms that are dictated by the thermal cycles experienced by various microscopic regions. The results, described in this article, confirm that the weldability of the developmental Ti-Ta-Nb alloy is excellent. A preliminary evaluation of the corrosion behavior of the welds showed rates comparable to that of the base metal, establishing that this alloy could be considered as an alternative material for use in highly corrosive environments.     

Template-free hydrothermal synthesis of single-crystalline SnO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanocauliflowers and their optical properties

Large-scale single-crystalline SnO₂ nanocauliflowers were successfully synthesized using a hydrothermal growth method without any template. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). FE-SEM images show that the as-grown SnO₂ nanocauliflowers are constructed of tetragonal prisms with a width of 500–600 nm. XRD, EDS, and SAED results indicate that the as-grown SnO₂ nanocauliflowers are single crystalline with the tetragonal rutile crystalline structure. The growth mechanism of SnO₂ nanocauliflowers is also preliminarily discussed on the basis of different Sn(OH)₆²⁻ concentrations, and it is found that Sn(OH)₆²⁻ concentration plays an important role in determining the shape of the prepared SnO₂. Room temperature photoluminescence was further carried out on SnO₂ nanocauliflowers to investigate their optical properties. An intense blue luminescence centered at a wavelength of 424 nm is observed in the as-grown SnO₂ nanocauliflowers.     

A study of job shop standard setup time quota

For the multi-item and small lot size production mode and single machine job shop scheduling sequence independent setup time, many setup times are difficult to estimate accurately, which influences the ability to achieve accurate production cycles and costs of products. The survey shows that the length of the setup time depends on the level of employee’s knowledge. Therefore, a method for determining the standard setup time quota based on the level of employees’ knowledge is proposed. First, an evaluation index system for the level of employee’s knowledge is built; the level of employee’s knowledge is estimated by the masses and experts fuzzy comprehension evaluation and entropy method. Second, the range and definition of the level of employees’ knowledge index are developed. Third, the relational model of the employee’s knowledge level and the level of employees’ knowledge index is constructed through the least squares method. Finally, an example application is presented to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model.     

Comparing the Effects of Microwave and Conventional Heating Methods on the Evaporation Rate and Quality Attributes of Pomegranate (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Punica granatum</Emphasis> L.) Juice Concentrate

Pomegranate juice was concentrated by conventional heating and microwave heating at different operational pressures (12, 38.5, and 100 kPa), and their effects on evaporation rate and quality attributes of concentrated juice were investigated. The final juice concentration of 40° Brix was achieved in 140, 127, and 109 min at 100, 38.5, and 12 kPa, respectively, by using conventional heating. Applying microwave energy decreased required times to 118, 95, and 75 min. The changes in color, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant capacity during concentration processes were investigated. L*, a*, and b* parameters were measured to estimate the intensity of color loss. All Hunter color parameters decreased with time. Results showed that the degradation of color, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity were more important in conventional heating compared to microwave heating method. Degradation rates increases by increasing process pressure. A first-order kinetics model was applied to modeling changes in total solid content, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant capacity.     

Application of the Extended Langmuir Model for the Determination of Lyophobicity of 1-Propanol in Acetonitrile

Surface tensions (σ) of binary liquid mixtures of acetonitrile (ACN) with 1-propanol (PrOH) were measured over the entire composition range at eight different temperatures, 278.15 K, 283.15 K, 288.15 K, 293.15 K, 298.15 K, 303.15 K, 308.15 K, and 313.15 K. The lyophobicities (β) of the surfactant PrOH relative to that of ACN as well as the surface mole fractions () of PrOH at various temperatures were derived using the extended Langmuir model (Langmuir 17, 4261, 2001). The β values indicate the greater affinity of PrOH for the surface, and this trend slightly increases with rising temperature. The determined values indicate that the surface concentration of PrOH is always higher than its bulk concentration and consequently confirm that the surface is enriched with PrOH.     

Effects of nanocrystalline ferrite particles on densification and magnetic properties of the NiCuZn ferrites

Effects of nanocrystalline ferrite particles addition on densification behavior and magnetic properties of the NiCuZn ferrites were investigated. It was confirmed that nanocrystalline ferrite particles enhanced densification of the samples obviously. The reason was attributed to the nanocrystalline particles, which spread around the micron-sized ferrite particles, increased contacting area and inter-diffusion of the particles. When the amount of nanocrystalline particles addition reached to 30 wt%, the samples obtained an approximate densification behavior as the 1.5 wt% Bi₂O₃ added samples. Due to relatively bigger grain size, higher sintering density and no different chemical composition sintering aids added, the sample with 30wt% nanocrystalline ferrite particles got the highest permeability and relatively high Q-factor when sintered at 900.