Fabrication of transparent polymer-matrix nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties from chemically modified ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanoparticles

Optically transparent nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties were fabricated using stable dispersions of sub 10 nm ZrO₂ nanoparticles. The ZrO₂ dispersions were mixed with a commercially available bisphenol-A-based epoxy resin (RIMR 135i) and cured with a mixture of two amine-based curing agents (RIMH 134 and RIMH 137) after complete solvent removal. The colloidal dispersions of ZrO₂ nanoparticles, synthesized through a non-aqueous approach, were obtained through a chemical modification of the ZrO₂ nanoparticle surface, employing different organic ligands through simple mixing at room temperature. Successful binding of the ligands to the surface was studied utilizing ATR–FT-IR and thermogravimetric analysis. The homogeneous distribution of the nanoparticles within the matrix was proven by SAXS and the observed high optical transmittance for ZrO₂ contents of up to 8 wt%. Nanocomposites with a ZrO₂ content of only 2 wt% showed a significant enhancement of the mechanical properties, e.g., an increase of the tensile strength and Young’s modulus by up to 11.9 and 12.5%, respectively. Also the effect of different surface bound ligands on the mechanical properties is discussed.     

Enhanced Reversible Zinc Ion Intercalation in Deficient Ammonium Vanadate for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery

Ammonium vanadate with bronze structure (NH4V4O10) is a promising cathode material for zinc-ion batteries due to its high specific capacity and low cost. Howeve...     

Effects on Undercooling and Interfacial Reactions with Cu Substrates of Adding Bi and In to Sn-3Ag Solder

This study investigated the effects of adding Bi and In to Sn-3Ag Pb-free solder on undercooling, interfacial reactions with Cu substrates, and the growth kinetics of intermetallic compounds (IMCs). The amount of Sn dominates the undercooling, regardless of the amount or species of further additives. The interfacial IMC that formed in Sn-Ag-Bi-In and Sn-In-Bi solders is Cu₆Sn₅, while that in Sn-Ag-In solders is Cu₆(Sn,In)₅, since Bi enhances the solubility of In in Sn matrices. The activation energy for the growth of IMCs in Sn-Ag-Bi-In is nearly double that in Sn-Ag-In solders, because Bi in the solder promotes Cu dissolution. The bright particles that form inside the Sn-Ag-In bulk solders are the ζ-phase.     

Symbol Error Rate Analysis and Power Allocation for Adaptive Relay Selection Schemes

In this paper, we analyse the symbol error rate (SER) performance of adaptive relay selection schemes (ARS) in a general dual-hop multiple-relay network. Specifically, we provide a closed-form SER expression for ARS which is tight over the whole signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. In addition, the derived SER can be readily extended to conventional relay selection schemes, i.e. amplify-and-forward relay selection (AF-RS), perfect decode-and-forward relay selection (PDF-RS), adaptive decode-and-forward relay selection (ADF-RS), and cooperative-maximum-ratio-combining decode-and-forward relay selection (CDF-RS). Transmit power allocation based on the simplified SER is presented to improve the system performance. The analytical results are verified by computer simulations.     

Spare node cooperative method for IEEE 802.11 networks

Most of the existing cooperation methods select relay node(s) mainly based on the channel state information, but do not consider whether the selected relay nodes work or not. If the selected relays are invalidated, the performance of cooperative communication will deteriorate. To resolve the above problem, this paper investigates cooperative communication in IEEE 802.11 networks, and proposes a novel Spare Cooperative Method (SCM). SCM chooses a spare cooperation node to enhance the reliability of communication, and uses an enhanced handshaking mechanism to coordinate the access of source nodes and cooperation nodes to the wireless channel. The performance of SCM is comprehensively analyzed in terms of outage probability and saturated throughput. The analysis shows that SCM improves the performance of IEEE 802.11.     

A Design-Based Structural Test Method for a Switched-Resistor DAC

In this paper, a design-based structural testing method is presented to enable a fast, low cost test for a switched-resistor digital-to-analogue converter (DAC). A 24-bit stereo DAC is used to demonstrate this. After schematic-level simulations and experimental verification, it is found that the dynamic parameter THD can be predicted by the static test. Practical production wafer test and final test results evaluate this structural test method by comparing it with the traditional THD test method. In this paper the simulation results, the relevant measurement results, and the testing results are discussed. Finally, the application recommendations are given.

A Review on Thin-film Sensing with Terahertz Waves

In the past two decades, the development and steady improvement of terahertz technology has motivated a wide range of scientific studies designed to discover and develop terahertz applications. Terahertz sensing is one such application, and its continued maturation is virtually guaranteed by the unique properties that materials exhibit in the terahertz frequency range. Thin-film sensing is one branch of this effort that has enjoyed diverse development in the last decade. Deeply subwavelength sample thicknesses impose great difficulties to conventional terahertz spectroscopy, yet sensing those samples is essential for a large number of applications. In this article we review terahertz thin-film sensing, summarizing the motivation, challenges, and state-of-the-art approaches based predominately on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.     

Design,Construction, and Installation of Movable Electrode Biasing System on Tokamak

The first results of the movable electrode biasing experiments performed on the IR-T1 tokamak are presented. For this purpose, a movable electrode biasing system was designed, constructed, and installed on the IR-T1 tokamak, and then the positive voltage applied to an electrode inserted inside the tokamak limiter and the plasma current, poloidal and radial components of the magnetic fields, loop voltage, and diamagnetic flux in the absence and presence of the biased electrode were measured. Results compared and discussed.     

Dose Maps In/Around Target and Test Cell for DONES During the Operation

DONES (DEMO-Oriented Neutron Source) is to be constructed in order to investigate materials that are intended to be used for DEMO (DEMOnstration Power Plant) since they will be irradiated with very high fluxes of neutrons. A deuteron beam will bombard a lithium target situated in the so called Test Cell (TC) shielded with concrete. Monte Carlo simulations by means of the MCNP (Monte Carlo N-Particle) code were carried out to calculate both horizontal and vertical radiation dose maps in and around of the TC facility. Three geometrical configurations of the shielding and two kinds of concrete (ordinary and magnetite ones) were examined. For each case a spatial dose distribution and an accompanying errors map were provided. Advanced techniques of variance reduction were applied to compute doses in and outside of thick concrete walls. On the grounds of the obtained results a final configuration of the shielding was selected.     

Antimony Mobilization through Two Contrasting Gold Ore Processing Systems,New Zealand

Antimony, a toxic metalloid similar to arsenic, is present at variable levels in most gold-bearing rocks. Antimony is soluble in the surface environment, so antimony (Sb) mobilization in mine waters is an environmental issue around gold mines. The Reefton gold mine was originally developed in gold-bearing quartz veins; Sb concentrations were low (<100 mg/kg) compared to arsenic (As) concentrations (>1,000 mg/kg), and the mine waters had low dissolved Sb (<0.1 mg/L). A second stage of gold mineralization at Reefton involved brecciation and cataclasis of quartz veins and wall rocks, with addition of stibnite (Sb₂S₃). Processing of this ore has resulted in higher dissolved Sb in mine waters (0.1–1 mg/L), even after water treatment that removes most dissolved As (to 0.01 mg/L) by adsorption to suspended iron oxyhydroxide. Competition between As and Sb for adsorption sites on iron oxyhydroxide particles may have resulted in partial exclusion of the more weakly adsorbed Sb. The high rainfall (2,000 mm/year) at Reefton ensures adequate dilution of mine waters after discharge. The Macraes gold mine has no stibnite, and most Sb is in solid solution in the abundant arsenopyrite (Sb up to 2,000 mg/kg). Pit waters have both Sb and As dissolved up to 0.1 mg/L, partly because of evaporative concentration in a low-rainfall environment. Macraes tailings waters have high As (up to 3 mg/L) but negligible Sb (<0.001 mg/L). Reefton mine gold-bearing concentrate, containing stibnite, is transported 700 km to be processed by autoclave oxidation and cyanidation at the Macraes mine. This introduction of additional Sb to the Macraes site substantially increases the Sb content of the process stream periodically. Tailings from this process have up to 3 wt% Sb, dispersed through As-rich iron oxyhydroxides that are formed in the autoclave. The Sb-rich tailings are strongly diluted (approximately 100:1) by the Macraes tailings, and adsorption of Sb to iron oxyhydroxides in the tailings piles ensures that there has been no increase in the Sb content of the tailings water since the Reefton concentrate has been added at Macraes.