Interference Evaluation in Cellular Networks

Interference in cellular networks is one of the most common problems in the radio access network. In fact, it is the major issue in cellular networks that affects performances and quality of service. Indeed, interference can be caused by a call on the same frequency from neighboring cell, or a call on an adjacent channel in the same or in neighboring cell. So, we can classify interference on intra-cell interference and inter-cell interference. In 4G, thanks to the use of orthogonal frequency division multiple access and single carrier frequency division multiple access as access techniques in downlink and uplink respectively, intra-cell interference is reduced compared to the inter cell one which caused by the frequency reuse one mechanism and the femto cells deployment. In this work, we will evaluate the interference in different cellular network standards from 2G to 4G.     

Adaptive modulation and decision feedback equalization for frequency‐selective MIMO channels

In this paper, an adaptive modulation scheme for the multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) frequency‐selective channels is investigated. We consider a scenario with precoded block‐based transceivers over spatially correlated Rayleigh multipath MIMO channels. To eliminate the inter‐block interference, the zero‐padding is used. The receiver is equipped with a MIMO minimum‐mean‐squared‐error decision feedback equalizer. The precoder aims to force each subchannel to have an identical signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR). To adjust the constellation size, the unbiased mean square error at the equalizer output is sent back to the transmitter. To simplify our analysis, the feedback channel is considered as instantaneous and error free. We first derive the probability density function of the overall SINR for flat fading and frequency‐selective channels. On the basis of the probability density function of the upper bound of the SINR, we evaluate the system performance. We present accurate closed‐form expressions of the average spectral efficiency, the average bit error rate and the outage probability. The derived expressions are compared with Monte Carlo simulation results. Furthermore, we analyze the effect of the channel spatial correlation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Direct and Indirect Exciton Dynamics in Few‐Layered ReS2 Revealed by Photoluminescence and Pump‐Probe Spectroscopy

Atomically thin‐layered ReS₂ with a distorted 1T structure has attracted attention because of its intriguing optical and electronic properties. Here, the direct and indirect exciton dynamics of a three‐layered ReS₂ is investigated by polarization‐resolved transient photoluminescence (PL) and ultrafast pump‐probe spectroscopy. The various time scales of the decay signals of the time‐resolved PL (<10 ps), with monitoring of the populations of electron–hole pairs (exciton), and the transient differential reflectance (≈1 and 100 ps), with monitoring of the populations of electrons and/or holes in the excited states, are observed. These results reveal the characteristic exciton dynamics: rapid relaxation of direct excitons (electron–hole pairs) and slow relaxation of the momentum‐mismatched indirect excitons accompanied by a one‐phonon emission process. These findings provide important information regarding the indirect bandgap nature of few‐layered ReS₂ and its characteristic exciton dynamics, boosting the understanding of the novel electronic and optical properties of atomically thin‐layered ReS₂.     

End-to-end delay margin balancing approach for routing in multi-class networks

This paper presents Quality of Service (QoS) based routing and priority class assignment algorithms. It introduces an end-to-end delay margin balancing approach to routing, and uses it to formulate a nonlinear optimization problem. In a single-class network, the formulation is shown to be convex; however in a multi-class priority network, it is only convex within specific regions, and is infeasible otherwise. A centralized off-line computation technique is proposed to calculate both the route configuration and end-to-end priority assignment. A gradient-based solution in the convex region and a heuristic to overcome the multi-class discontinuity are derived. An approximation of the optimization problem is developed for on-line distributed processing is then presented. Using the approximation, arriving traffic flows can use vector routing tables to search for routes. Compared with minimum-hop, minimum-delay, and min-interference routing algorithms, the proposed approach enables the single-class network to accommodate more users of different end-to-end delay requirements. In a multi-class priority network, results show that using the objective function to combine route and priority class assignment further increases the supportable network traffic volume. Mohamed Ashour received his B.Sc. (1991) and M.Sc. (1997) in Electrical Engineering from Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. He worked for Hughes and General Dynamics as a Telecommunications Engineer. Currently, he is a Ph.D. Candidate in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. His current area of research is focused on traffic engineering, routing, and QoS provisioning in DiffServ and MPLS Networks. He is also interested in multi-class queuing analysis of long-range traffic, and QoS provisioning in ad hoc networks and satellite communications. Tho Le-Ngoc obtained his B. Eng. (with Distinction) in Electrical Engineering in 1976, his M.Eng. in Microprocessor Applications in 1978 from McGill University, Montreal, and his Ph.D. in Digital Communications 1983 from the University of Ottawa, Canada. During 1977–1982, he was with Spar Aerospace Limited as a Design Engineer and then a Senior Design Engineer, involved in the development and design of the microprocessor-based controller of Canadarm (of the Space Shuttle), and SCPC/FM, SCPC/PSK, TDMA satellite communications systems. During 1982–1985, he was an Engineering Manager of the Radio Group in the Department of Development Engineering of SRTelecom Inc., developed the new point-to-multipoint DA-TDMA/TDM Subscriber Radio System SR500. He was the System Architect of this first digital point-to-multipoint wireless TDMA system. During 1985–2000, he was a Professor the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of Concordia University. Since 2000, he has been with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of McGill University. His research interest is in the area of broadband digital communications with a special emphasis on Modulation, Coding, and Multiple-Access Techniques. He is a Senior Member of the Ordre des Ingénieur du Quebec, a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada (EIC), and a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering (CAE). He is the recipient of the 2004 Canadian Award in Telecommunications Research, and recipient of the IEEE Canada Fessenden Award 2005.     

A process-tolerant out-of-band blocker rejection technique for SAW-less receivers

In this paper, an active filtering technique is presented which is capable of filtering the out-of-band blockers in wireless receivers. The concept is based on the feedforward cancellation technique where a blocker replica is subtracted at the output of the low-noise amplifier (LNA). In contrast to the previously reported feedforward cancellation methods, exact gain and phase matching are easily obtained in the proposed architecture to produce a highly selective narrowband frequency response at the output of the LNA with wide rejection bandwidth. For the proof of concept, the system is implemented in a 65 nm CMOS technology. It occupies a total area of 0.8 mm² and the current consumption is 24 mA from a 1.2 V supply. The system post-layout simulations showed a blocker rejection of more than 33 dB for blocker signals 100 MHz away from the desired signal when the feedforward path is activated. The noise figure (NF) of the entire system is 3.8 dB that degrades to 5.8 dB when the feedforward path is activated.     

Location Management in PCS Networks by Caching Two-Level Forwarding-Pointers

One of the challenging tasks in Personal Communication Services (PCS) is to efficiently maintain the location of PCS subscribers who move from one region to another (hereafter called mobile users). When a mobile user receives a call, the network has to quickly determine its current location. The existing location management scheme suffers from high signaling traffic in locating the mobile users. Two-level forwarding pointer scheme has been proposed from per-user forwarding pointer scheme to reduce the cost of signaling traffic. In this paper, we enhance the two-level forwarding pointer scheme. When a mobile user moves from its current Registered Area (RA), which is served by Mobile Switching Center (MSC), to another RA the local switch that acts as a parent of those two MSCs maintains this movement in its memory (hereafter called cache entry). A cache entry is used to locate rapidly the mobile user instead of querying the Home Location Register (HLR) and waiting for its reply. HLR is centralized in the network and far away from the mobile users so that the signaling traffic crossing it is expensive. Sometimes the cache entry may be failed to reach the mobile user then a two-level forwarding pointers will be created from the corresponding Visitor Location Register (VLR), attached to its MSC, through a correct path to locate the mobile user. Thus, there is a saving in cost of querying the underlying HLR. The analytical results indicate that such proposal efficiently reduces the signaling traffic cost for all values of Call to Mobility Ratio (CMR), this is especially considerable when CMR ≥1, without any increase in the call setup delay. Salah M. Ramadan (samohra@yahoo.com) received the BS and MS degrees from Computers Engineering Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt, in 1995 and 2002, respectively. From 2002, he was a Ph.D. student in Computers Engineering Department at Al-Azhar University and is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree, where he is a research assistant in the Wireless Networks Branch. His research interests include traffic management in ATM networks, routing protocols, mobility management in PCS networks, and mobile computing. He is currently an instructor in Cisco Academy, Egypt. Ahmed M. El-Sherbini (Sherbini@mcit.gov.eg) received the Ph.D. in Electrical and Communication Engineering, Case Western University, U.S.A. March 1983 and M.Sc. in Communication Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, June 1980. (M. Sc. Research Studies at the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecommunications (ENST), Paris, France). He is the Director, National Telecommunication Institute – Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt and Professor of Electrical and Communication Engineering Dept. Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt. M. I. Marie received his B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. in electronic and communication engineering from Cairo University on 1972, 1981, 1985, respectively. Now he is a professor of communications at Computer and System Engineering department Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. His fields of interest includes digital communication, computer networks and protocols development. M. Zaki (azhar@mailer.scu.eun.eg) is the professor of software engineering, Computer and System Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University at Cairo. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from Cairo University in 1968 and 1973 respectively. He received his Ph.D. degrees in computer engineering from Warsaw Technical University, Poland in 1977. His fields of interest include artificial intelligence, soft computing, and distributed system.     

Models of Restoration Probability in WDM Networks Employing Active Restoration

The ever-increasing demand for network bandwidth makes network survivability an issue of great concern. Lightpath restoration is a valuable approach to guaranteeing an acceptable level of survivability in WDM optical networks with better resource utilization than that of its protection counterpart. Active restoration (AR) is a newly proposed lightpath restoration scheme [M. Mostafa et al. OSA Journal of Optical Networking, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 247–260] that combines the best of protection and reactive restoration while avoiding their shortcomings. In this paper, we conduct detailed performance analysis on the restoration probability of AR-based WDM networks. In particular, analytical models of restoration probability are developed respectively for networks with full-wavelength conversion capability and for networks without wavelength conversion capability under different backup path searching schemes. Based on the new models, we investigate the effects of wavelength availability, wavelength conversion capability, path length as well as backup path seeking methods on the restoration probability.     

A Combined Antenna Array and Multi-User Detection DS-CDMA Receiver in Single-Path and Multi-Path Fading Channels

An adaptive antenna array is incorporated into a decorrelatingmulti-user detector to effectively increase the DS-CDMA system capacity.Capacity improvement is due to beamforming gain, spatial diversity gain(assuming large angle spread), and the decorrelating effect. Thereceiver has been analyzed for the cases of sufficiently andinsufficiently spaced receiving antennas. The receiver consists of afront-end beamformer for every user in the cell and has knowledge of allusers' signature sequences. The beamformer estimates the desired userchannel vector, enhancing its signal and reducing the co-channelinterference from other directions. The multi-user detection, exploitingknowledge of other users, rejects those interferers whose arrival anglesare close to that of the desired user. The average uncoded Bit ErrorRate (BER) as a function of the number of in-beam active users, theaverage antenna Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and the number of receivingantennas is examined in both single-path and multi-path Rayleigh fadingchannels. Analysis shows an increase in system capacity proportional tothe number of receiving antennas.     

Study of features based on nonlinear dynamical modeling in ECG arrhythmia detection and classification

We present a study of the nonlinear dynamics of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals for arrhythmia characterization. The correlation dimension and largest Lyapunov exponent are used to model the chaotic nature of five different classes of ECG signals. The model parameters are evaluated for a large number of real ECG signals within each class and the results are reported. The presented algorithms allow automatic calculation of the features. The statistical analysis of the calculated features indicates that they differ significantly between normal heart rhythm and the different arrhythmia types and, hence, can be rather useful in ECG arrhythmia detection. On the other hand, the results indicate that the discrimination between different arrhythmia types is difficult using such features. The results of this work are supported by statistical analysis that provides a clear outline for the potential uses and limitations of these features.