Climatic zoning and its application to Spanish building energy performance regulations

The main requirements of European Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD) are the application of minimum energy performance requirements for new buildings and certification of the energy performance of buildings. Its transposition into the national law of member states of the European Union has signified the appearance of new and more onerous requirements in terms of construction quality from the point of view of energy performance, and in terms of the procedure for certification of the energy performance of buildings. In both cases, the levels required tend to be based on climatic conditions, fundamentally in countries such as Spain, where the climatic variability is very pronounced. This paper presents a methodology developed for the climatic zoning of the localities not included in the above-mentioned regulations in order to facilitate their application. By way of example, the method is shown which was used to generate the climatic files and carry out the subsequent climatic zoning of all the municipalities of the region of Andalusia in southern Spain.     

Study of homogeneous chemical reactions at spherical electrodes and microelectrodes in Additive Differential Pulse Voltammetry

This is a theoretical work for the characterization of homogeneous chemical reactions coupled to a reversible electrode process and analyzed by Additive Differential Pulse Voltammetry at spherical electrodes or microelectrodes. Explicit analytical expressions are presented for the CE and EC mechanisms valid for spherical electrodes of any radius and fast chemical reactions. These enable us to easily and rapidly analyze the response of these mechanisms even under very strong kinetic conditions.The ADPV technique proves to be very useful in the identification of the reaction mechanism and the characterization of the coupled chemical reaction by means of the values of the peak currents and potentials and the crossing potential, which can be measured with good accuracy from several ADPV experiments with different pulse heights. Simple criteria are given for discrimination between different situations where the electrode process is coupled to a homogeneous chemical reaction and, what is more difficult, to distinguish between an EC mechanism and an irreversible charge transfer process. Moreover, direct procedures for quantitative determination of kinetic and thermodynamic information are established.     

Heteroatom Effect on Star‐Shaped Hole‐Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells

Three new star‐shaped hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) incorporating benzotripyrrole, benzotrifuran, and benzotriselenophene central cores endowed with three‐armed triphenylamine moieties ( BTP‐1 , BTF‐1 , and BTSe‐1 , respectively) are designed, synthesized, and implemented in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The impact that the heteroatom‐containing central scaffold has on the electrochemical and photophysical properties, as well as on the photovoltaic performance, is systematically investigated and compared with their sulfur‐rich analogue ( BTT‐3 ). The new HTMs exhibit suitable highest‐occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) levels regarding the valence band of the perovskite, which ensure efficient hole extraction at the perovskite/HTM interface. The molecular structures of BTF‐1 , BTT‐3 , and BTSe‐1 are fully elucidated by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography as toluene solvates. The optimized (FAPbI₃)_0.85(MAPbBr₃)_0.15‐based perovskite solar cells employing the tailor‐made, chalcogenide‐based HTMs exhibit remarkable power conversion efficiencies up to 18.5%, which are comparable to the devices based on the benchmark spiro‐OMeTAD. PSCs with BTP‐1 exhibit a more limited power conversion efficiency of 15.5%, with noticeable hysteresis. This systematic study indicates that chalcogenide‐based derivatives are promising HTM candidates to compete efficiently with spiro‐OMeTAD.     

Frequency of molecular alterations in heterozygous beta-thalassemia in southern Spain and their relation to the hematologic phenotype

INTRODUCTION: Heterozygous beta-thalassemia manifests hematologically with microcytosis, reduced red blood cell hemoglobin concentration and high hemoglobin A2 levels. Almost all molecular alterations are due to point mutations. We attempt to determinate the frequency of that mutations in the Oriental Andalusia Area, and its relationship with the hematological phenotype. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have studied 45 heterozygous patients. DNA samples were amplified by PCR, using the printers CD7 and HI1. A 16 Kb fragment corresponding to beta globin gene was obtained and analyzed by Dot Blot assay and hybridized with allelic specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes to detect the 6 more frequent mutations found in the South of Spain. RESULTS: Codon 39 nonsense mutation (31.1%) was the most frequent finding followed by IVS-1 NT 110 (26.7%). The relationship between hematological parameters and molecular mutations concluded that IVS-I NT 6 mutation developed a minimal anemia. DISCUSSION: From the practical point of view, this study indicates that we were able to detect more than 90% of heterozygous beta-tal. with 5 out of 6 ASO probes used in this work. Thus, our data also provides a further implication in prenatal diagnosis.     

The Social Sustainable Aquifer Yield: An Indicator for the Analysis and Assessment of the Integrated Aquifers Management

Integrated Aquifers Management (IAM) demands innovative tools and methods that are able to consider as much perspectives as possible. This research is aimed to design, apply and provide an indicator named Social Sustainable Aquifer Yield (SSAY), expressed in units of time that includes pure hydrological variables as well as social ones. The indicator is defined as the relation between the Residence Time, which is the relation between aquifer Storage (S) and Recharge (R) (S/R), and the relation between the aquifer Pumping (P) and the new variable named Aquifer Social Yield (ASY). The whole indicator is defined by this formula: (S/R)/(P/ASY). The assessment of the residence time is essential in aquifers with at least one of the following features: i) high hydraulic diffusivity, and ii) small volume of reserves. Finally, the variable ASY is defined as the average perception from the stakeholders about the maximum acceptable aquifer exploitation. This indicator has been successfully applied in the aquifers located in southern Jaen province (South Spain) belonging to the Water System SE4-Jaén Water Supply. The results probe the high utility of the indicator, especially in regards to the public participation processes.     

一所大学建筑中用高效率的照明合理使用电能

0 引言 为了在用能效率上作出工程努力,Cortagena技术大学去年4月已决定实施一项雄心勃勃的计划,要在此后的4年中削减用电费用。为了证实不同政策的可行性和成本效益,应用于原海军医院(工业工程高等技术学校总部)的许多展示活动将在最近期内完成。当然,在此建筑中合理用电的对象将集中在两个主要的电气末端即:电     

Dynamic mechanical analysis of the multiple glass transitions of plasticized wheat gluten biopolymer

Glass transition of thermo‐molded biomaterials made from wheat gluten and its main protein classes is studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The materials are plasticized with variable contents of glycerol (30–40 wt %) and water (0–20 wt %). For all materials, three successive relaxation phases are systematically detected. Their positions shift to lower temperature as the plasticizer content of materials increases. Composition in gluten, glycerol and water of each relaxation phase is estimated using the Couchman‐Karasz model. Irrespective of the plasticizer content or composition, the relaxation phases shows rather constant plasticizer volume fractions. The low‐, middle‐, and high relaxation phases include respectively around 30, 60 and 80 vol % of gluten protein. These relaxations are assigned to the segmental motion of the surface amino‐acid side groups, to the collective motion of packed gluten proteins, and to the gain in protein conformational mobility as a 2D network of interacting plasticizer molecules forms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43254.     

Bovine somatotropin dose titration in lactating dairy ewes. 3. Treatment interval.

Seventy-four lactating dairy ewes were injected with recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST; sometribove) in a sustained-release formulation. Ewes received 0, 80, 160, or 240 mg of bST/14 d at the end of 2, 4, and 6 wk postlambing, after which injections were withheld for a 28-d period. Response of milk production to bST presented a positive linear contrast and a negative quadratic contrast. After the final injection of bST (d 0), an increase in daily milk production was observed until d +9. A continuous decrease followed with milk production returned to control levels on d +11, +18, and +20, for 80, 160, and 240 mg of bST/14 d. Milk protein content decreased gradually until d +8 before it returned to control levels on d +12, +14 and +14, for 80, 160, and 240 mg of bST/14 d. Levels of bST and IGF-I in plasma presented positive and highly significant linear contrasts and negative quadratics which were significant only for bST. Relative to the evolution of milk production, the evolution of IGF-I levels in plasma was more similar than that of bST, although the correlation of each measure with milk production was high and highly significant. It was concluded that the period between successive injections should be shorter the lower the dose employed; however, a 14-d period seemed to correspond correctly for the dosages and hormone formulation tested.     

A Complexity Guided Algorithm for Association Rule Extraction on Fuzzy DataCubes

The use of online analytical processing (OLAP) systems as data sources for data mining techniques has been widely studied and has resulted in what is known as online analytical mining (OLAM). As a result of both the use of OLAP technology in new fields of knowledge and the merging of data from different sources, it has become necessary for models to support imprecision. We, therefore, need OLAM methods which are able to deal with this imprecision. Association rules are one of the most used data mining techniques. There are several proposals that enable the extraction of association rules on DataCubes but few of these deal with imprecision in the process. The main problem observed in these proposals is the complexity of the rule set obtained. In this paper, we present a novel association rule extraction method that works over a fuzzy multidimensional model which is capable of representing and managing imprecise data. Our method deals with the problem of reducing the complexity of the result obtained by using fuzzy concepts and a hierarchical relation between them.     

Copolymerization of aniline and m-chloroaniline. Chlorine addition and structure of the resulting material

The copolymerization of aniline (Ani) and m-chloroaniline (mClA) in variable ratios was performed by chemical oxidation in HCl medium. The resulting copolymer composition was determined by elemental analysis and XPS. The results show the incorporation of additional Cl substituents in the polymer backbone when m-chloroaniline is present in the polymerization medium with a high mClA:Ani ratio. IR and NMR characterization confirms that finding. Conductivity measurements of the copolymers in salt form were also performed. UV–vis spectra for high mClA:Ani ratios show a main band centred ca. 380 nm. PM3-ZINDO/S spectra calculations suggest that the Cl substituents stabilize spinless semiquinone structures in the polymer chain which are responsible for the 380 nm band. Photoluminescence spectra are recorded and analyzed. The addition of chlorine is attributed to the lower reaction rate in high mClA:Ani ratio. Copolymers with high mClA:Ani ratio appear as materials very different from polyaniline, thus these differences should be considered regarding possible applications.