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MS Oitzl ER de Kloet M Jo?ls W Schmid TJ Cole 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,9(11):2284-2296
Previous studies in rats using the Morris water maze suggested that the processing of spatial information is modulated by corticosteroid hormones through mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus. Mineralocorticoid receptors appear to be involved in the modulation of explorative behaviour, while additional activation of glucocorticoid receptors facilitates the storage of information. In the present study we used the water maze task to examine spatial learning and memory in mice homozygous and heterozygous for a targeted disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene. Compared with wild-type controls, homozygous and heterozygous mice were impaired in the processing of spatial but not visual information. Homozygous mutants performed variably during training, without specific platform-directed search strategies. The spatial learning disability was partly compensated for by increased motor activity. The deficits were indicative of a dysfunction of glucocorticoid receptors as well as of mineralocorticoid receptors. Although the heterozygous mice performed similarly to wild-type mice with respect to latency to find the platform, their strategy was more similar to that of the homozygous mice. Glucocorticoid receptor-related long-term spatial memory was impaired. The increased behavioural reactivity of the heterozygous mice in the open field points to a more prominent mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated function. The findings indicate that (i) the glucocorticoid receptor is of critical importance for the control of spatial behavioural functions, and (ii) mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated effects on this behaviour require interaction with functional glucocorticoid receptors. Until the development of site-specific, inducible glucocorticoid receptor mutants, glucocorticoid receptor-knockout mice present the only animal model for the study of corticosteroid-mediated effects in the complete absence of a functional receptor. 相似文献
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Hypothermia induced by surface cooling has shown to protect vulnerable regions of the brain during an ischemic insult. This study evaluated the neuroprotective efficacy of neurotensin, a potent hypothermic agent, using a 5-min carotid occlusion procedure in the gerbil. In Experiment 1, the dose-response and time course of neurotensin-induced hypothermia were evaluated (n = 5/dose). Central infusion of 10, 20, and 30 micrograms neurotensin were found to significantly decrease core body temperature of conscious gerbils within 30 min of administration. In Experiment 2, gerbils pretreated with 30 micrograms neurotensin were permitted to become hypothermic or were maintained at 37 degrees-38 degrees C (rectal) during ischemic insult. Other gerbils were pretreated with peptide vehicle prior to ischemic insult (at 37 degrees -38 degrees C) or underwent a sham procedure (n = 6/condition). At 24 h after surgery, gerbils were tested for increased locomotor activity in an open-field apparatus. Gerbils pretreated with peptide vehicle or neurotensin and maintained at 37 degrees-38 degrees C during ischemia had significantly higher activity levels compared to the other treated groups. In contrast, gerbils made hypothermic with neurotensin exhibited activity levels similar to sham gerbils. Histological assessment revealed that neurotensin-induced hypothermia protected the CA1 region from ischemic damage. 相似文献
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Calcitonin, the serum calcium-lowering hormone, has been used in the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy and postmenopausal osteoporosis in humans for several years without any adverse effects. Recent studies in rats have indicated that calcitonin may be associated with morphologic effects on the pituitary. A large study was performed on 2 strains of rats, Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Fischer-344 (F-344), with 2 types of calcitonin, salmon-derived (sCT) and porcine-derived (pCT) calcitonin to evaluate possible effects on the pituitary. Sixteen groups of 42 male and 42 female SD or F-344 rats were given 0 (vehicle control), 1.25, 5.0, or 80.0 IU/kg/day of sCT or pCT, once daily, subcutaneously, for 1 yr. An increased incidence of adenomas of the adenohypophysis was observed in male SD rats at all dose levels of sCT, female SD rats given 80 IU/kg/day of sCT, male SD rats at the high dose level of pCT, and male F-344 rats at the high dose level of sCT. Also, an increased incidence of total proliferative lesions, due mostly to an increased incidence of focal hyperplasia of the pars distalis, occurred in female F-344 rats given the high dose of sCT. These pituitary proliferations were histologically similar to those that occur spontaneously, and the incidences observed were comparable to those that could occur in rats on 2-yr or lifetime studies, indicating that the injection of calcitonin had decreased the latency period. 相似文献
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Administering the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), we examined the behavioral symptoms of 22 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 50 patients with Alzheimer's disease, and 40 controls. PSP patients exhibited apathy (91%), disinhibition (36%), dysphoria (18%) and anxiety (18%), but rarely (< 9%) irritability, abnormal motor behaviors, or agitation. Apathy in PSP was significantly associated with executive dysfunction. The presence of high apathy and low agitation and anxiety scale scores correctly identified the PSP patients 85% of the time. Evaluating the behavioral abnormalities of patients with neurodegenerative disorders will aid diagnosis and facilitate management. 相似文献
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LA Mastaj DJ Tartakow AJ Borislow MS Fogel 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1994,15(1):74, 76, 78-80, passim; quiz 86
Infections present a significant hazard in the orthodontic office because they can be transmitted by blood or saliva through direct or indirect contact, droplets, aerosols, or contaminated instruments and equipment. Because the incidence of certain microbial cross-infections in the dental environment has not been well documented, orthodontic personnel may not take the problem of cross-infection as seriously as they should, and they may transmit or contract more infections than they realize. The use of effective infection-control procedures in the orthodontic office and laboratory will prevent cross-contamination that may extend to the orthodontist, office staff, assistants, and patients. The goal of this article is to present infection control in a simple, yet comprehensive, manner, and to encourage all orthodontic practitioners to implement essential infection-control procedures in their practices. 相似文献
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Sandra Aparecida de Assis Pedro Fernandes Bruno Sommer Ferreira Joaquim MS Cabral Olga Maria Mascarenhas Faria Oliveira 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2004,79(3):277-280
A partially purified extract of pectinmethylesterase (PME) from acerola fruit was immobilized on various supports: glass, celite, chrysotile, agarose, concanavalin A Sepharose 4B, egg shell, polyacrylamide and gelatin. In addition, reticulation with glutaraldehyde was assessed, as well as the use of gelatin in the presence of celite, glass and silica. The highest immobilization yields were obtained when the pectinmethylesterase was immobilized in concanavalin A Sepharose 4B (81.7%) and in gelatin‐water (78.0%). Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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