The accuracy of mammography: an analysis of 655 histologically verified cases

The accuracy of the mammography was studied on 655 breasts which were investigated and biopsied or treated surgically shortly afterward. The mammography reports were classified according to the confidence level of the statements. In 279 cases the mammography was interpreted as positive for malignancy. A total of 224 malignant tumors were found. In 30 cases the malignant lesion was missed on the mammograms. The diagnoses made with a high degree of certainty were correct in 90% of the cases. The sensitivity of the mammography was 86.6% at a specificity of 80.7% for malignant tumors. The value of mammography for the diagnosis of chronic mastopathy could not be determined objectively. The sensitivity for solitary benign tumors or cysts was 80%.     

Experiments and enhancements for IP and ATM integration: the IthACIproject

IthACI has been a European project in the ACTS framework concentrating on fast layer 2 forwarding methods for IP traffic based on labeled flow mechanisms. The approach is also known as IP switching and is considered promising for enhancing IP performance. Several flavors of IP switching have been proposed by various vendors (e.g., IP switching by Ipsilon, Tag Switching by Cisco, ARIS by IBM, IPSOFACTO by the NEC), all of them different and not interoperable. IP switching has been adopted by the IETF under the umbrella of multiprotocol label switching (MPLS). Although MPLS has made remarkable progress, a number of issues remain largely open for further investigation. The scope of the IthACI project was to address such issues and propose solutions. The issues addressed were multicast, QoS, resource management, and mobility support in a multicast environment. IthACI conducted both theoretical and experimental work. Three network islands, each based on a different flavor of IP switching, were set-up and the interoperability of these different IP switching/MPLS flavors were investigated and demonstrated     

Directional dependence of spectra of fiber Bragg gratings due to excess loss

The reflectance spectra of chirped fiber Bragg gratings can depend substantially on the direction from which the measurement is taken. The measured difference between forward and backward reflectance spectra measured in a linearly chirped grating was shown to be due to the measured excess loss. Simulation using the popular transfer-matrix model demonstrated that the observed asymmetric behavior could be obtained only when excess loss has an asymmetric spectral shape about the local Bragg wavelengths. Application of cladding mode excess losses to the result of a transfer-matrix model accounted for the experimental observation.     

Ingredient Functionality During Foam‐Type Cake Making: A Review

Foam‐type cakes are complex food systems. Their main ingredients are wheat flour, hen eggs, sugar, leavening agent, and, in some cases, oil and/or surfactants. In contrast to the vast amount of research outcomes on the contribution of ingredients to the quality of batter‐type cake systems, information on the functionality and importance of the ingredients and their constituents in foam‐type cake systems is lacking. This review defines foam‐type cakes, describes how they are made, summarizes the current knowledge of factors determining their quality, and identifies the current knowledge gaps.     

Fracture problems,vibration, buckling,and bending analyses of functionally graded materials: A state-of-the-art review including smart FGMS

Composite materials fail under extreme working conditions, particularly at high temperature, due to delamination (separation of fibers from matrix). And therefore it is needed to switch over functionally graded materials (FGMs) which can sustain at high temperature conditions (250–2000°C). There is a need to analyze the fracture and fatigue characteristics of FGM structures and so through this review the emphasis is given on fracture analysis of FGM materials. It has been reported that a combination of extended finite element method and isogeometric analysis methodologies has been used for general mixed-mode crack propagation problems after the introduction of extended isogeometric analysis. Furthermore, recent computational advances have been in the form of multiscale simulations where the part of model is simulated by a finer modeling scale, which can represent details of the material behavior and the interacting effects of material constituents in the finest way. The review is also focused on new advances in analytical and numerical methods for the stress, vibration, and buckling analyses of FGMs. Emphasis has been primarily on to restrict 2D analysis with sorts of compromise in the accuracy of results. First shear deformation theory (FSDT) and third-order shear deformation theory have been extensively used among the various 2D plate theories. FSDT can help us in terms of getting reasonably accurate results with less computational afford. This paper also outlines review on carbon nanotubes (CNT) reinforced FGMs, functionally graded nanocomposites, functionally graded single-walled CNT, FG nanobeam as well as functionally graded piezoelectric materials. Future applications would be based on these smart materials which are supposed to serve us in adverse conditions. Of course, with rise and advent of promising nanotechnology and its potential impact on aerospace industry as well as on other areas, it becomes important to us to compile this review article.     

The effect of Mn on the structural and magnetic behaviour of Fe–6Si–8B alloy produced by high energy ball Milling

The alloys of Fe–6Si–8B and Fe–6Si–8B–1Mn were prepared using high energy planetary ball mill. X-ray diffraction patterns of the milled samples confirmed the formation of the alloys by dissolution of Si in Fe after 30 and 24 h of milling for the Fe–6Si–8B and Fe–6Si–8B–1Mn samples respectively. The lattice parameter was found to increase continuously with milling time and the rise was steeper for the quaternary alloy. After 36 h of milling, the crystallite size for the two samples were reduced to 98 and 86 nm respectively. Mössbauer spectra suggested the formation of minor amount of α-Fe₂O₃. The value of saturation magnetization was 162 Am²/kg for Fe–6Si–8B alloy obtained after 18 h of milling. However, the value decreased with increased milling time as well as with Mn-addition. The remanance value showed similar tendency as that for saturation magnetization. In contrast, the coercivity value was found to be increasing with milling time and with Mn-addition.     

Ingredient Functionality in Multilayered Dough-margarine Systems and the Resultant Pastry Products: A Review

Pastry products are produced from heterogeneous multilayered dough systems. The main ingredients are flour, water, fat and sugar for puff pastry, and the same plus yeast for fermented pastry. Key aspects in pastry production are (i) building laminated dough containing alternating layers of dough and bakery fat and (ii) maintaining this multilayered structure during processing to allow for steam entrapment for proper dough lift during baking. Although most authors agree on the importance of gluten and fat for maintaining the integrity of the different layers, detailed studies on their specific function are lacking. The exact mechanism of steam entrapment during dough lift and the relative contribution of water set free from the fat phase during baking also remain unclear. This review brings together current knowledge on pastry products and the factors determining (intermediate) product quality. Its focus is on flour constituents, fat, water, and (where applicable) yeast during the different production stages of pastry products. Future research needs are addressed as the knowledge on biochemical and physical changes occurring in flour constituents and other ingredients during pastry production and their effect on product quality is currently inadequate.     

Dispersed oil–water–gas flow through a horizontal pipe

An experimental study of three‐phase dispersed flow in a horizontal pipe has been carried out. The pressure drop over the pipe strongly increases with increasing bubble and drop volume fraction. Because of the presence of drops the transition from dispersed bubble flow to elongated bubble flow occurs at a lower gas volume fraction. The gas bubbles have no significant influence on the phase inversion process. However, phase inversion has a strong effect on the gas bubbles. Just before inversion large bubbles are present and the flow pattern is elongated bubble flow. During the inversion process the bubbles break‐up quickly and as the dispersed drop volume fraction after inversion is much lower than before inversion, a dispersed bubble flow is present after inversion. (When inversion is postponed to high dispersed phase fractions, the volume fraction of the dispersed phase can be as high as 0.9 before inversion and as low as 0.1 after inversion.) © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

Collimation testing with circular gratings

We investigate the testing of collimation by Talbot interferometry with circular gratings. Circular gratings are immune to misalignment owing to rigid body rotations in a plane perpendicular to the optic axis. Experimental results of the investigation are presented, and they are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. Experimental results verify that collimation testing with circular gratings can be superior to that with linear dual-field gratings.