高分子大孔微球的制备和结构控制

高分子大孔微球的形成和结构调控是一个复杂的过程,特别对于孔径超过100 nm的超大孔微球而言,无法通过常规的制孔剂与聚合物之间的相分离得到。针对生化工程对于超大孔微球的重要需求,发展了反胶团溶胀法和复乳法,实现了孔径在百纳米级以上的控制。研究了微球结构对于应用效果的影响。超大孔微球用于生物大分子的分离纯化,显示出高载量、高活性回收率、高纯化倍数的特点。超大孔微球固定化酶在酶的热稳定性、储存稳定性、重复使用性能等方面具有显著的优势。微球的结构有效控制是在不同领域获得成功应用的保障。     

基于Mamdani型直觉模糊推理的图像融合算法

提出了一种基于Mamdani型直觉模糊推理的图像融合算法,该算法首先根据融合目标设定推理规则,并根据推理规则建立直觉模糊推理系统,并将待融合图像的每个像素点直觉模糊化并输入系统,经过推理得到输出图像每个像素点的隶属、非隶属程度,最后通过解模糊计算输出图像的灰度值得到融合图像。实验结果证明,该算法的有效性,且由于直觉模糊集更加精确地描述了客观事物的不确定性,其融合结果优于基于模糊推理系统图像融合算法得到的结果。     

超小尺寸碳载Mn3O4纳米催化剂制备及其催化性能

以MnCl₂为原料,聚乙烯醇(PVA)为稳定剂,利用PVA介导沉淀法制备Mn₃O₄纳米粒子(PVA/Mn₃O₄),进一步将冻干的PVA/Mn₃O₄复合物炭化制备了超小尺寸的Mn₃O₄-C催化剂。使用XRD、XPS、TEM、BET表征制备材料的结构和形貌,发现PVA能够有效减小Mn₃O₄在制备过程中的聚集和长大。无PVA介导沉淀法制备的Mn₃O₄-P平均粒径为(38.8±9.3)nm。加入PVA后,制备过程中PVA分子链间的Mn₃O₄纳米粒子平均粒径为(3.2±0.8)nm,经过Ar保护炭化处理后,平均粒径为(4.5±1.2)nm的Mn₃O₄纳米粒子被均匀固定在碳基底上。制备的Mn₃O_4<...     

介孔二氧化铈的制备、表征以及对CO的氧化性能研究

以无机盐硝酸铈和柠檬酸为原料,CTAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)为模板剂,采用水热法制备了大比表面积的介孔CeO2,结合X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、N2吸附与脱附、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和CO2程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)等表征手段研究了CTAB加入及焙烧温度对介孔CeO2晶型结构和比表面积的影响,并对CO氧化催化机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明:前驱体与焙烧样品都具有晶型较好的CeO2立方萤石晶相结构和较大的比表面积,CTAB的加入不仅增大了样品的比表面积和孔容,而且在一定程度上提高了样品的结晶度;与其他样品相比,加入CTAB焙烧后的样品具有较好的催化效果。     

Incubated protein reduction and digestion on an electrowetting-on-dielectric digital microfluidic chip for MALDI-MS

Localized heating of droplets on an electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) chip has been implemented and shown to accelerate trypsin digestion reaction rates, sample drying, and matrix crystallization for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Achieving this involved extending the functionality of previous EWOD droplet-based techniques by developing a multifunctional electrode with closed-loop temperature control, while minimizing overall system complexity and addressing challenges associated with rapid evaporation. For the EWOD chip design, we discuss the performance of multifunctional surface electrodes for actuation, localized Joule heating, and thermistic temperature sensing. Furthermore, a hydrophilic pattern is formed in the multifunctional electrode to control the location of an evaporating droplet on the electrode. To demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of this technique, we performed three experiments and measured the results using MALDI-MS: (i) insulin disulfide reductions in dithiothreitol (DTT) over a range of heater temperatures (22-70 °C) to show how reaction rates can be affected by thermal control, (ii) insulin disulfide reductions at 130 °C in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to demonstrate a reaction in a high boiling point solvent, and (iii) tryptic digestions of cytochrome c at 22 and 40 °C to show that heated droplets can yield reasonably higher peptide sequence coverage than unheated droplets. Although they do not decouple the effects of changing temperatures and concentrations, these experiments verified that thermal cycling by EWOD electrodes accelerates reaction rates in liquid droplets in air.     

Electrical arcing phenomena: a historical perspective and comparative study of the standards: IEEE 1584 and NFPA 70 E

The exposure to hazards associated with electrical arcing phenomena when working on energized equipment is a topic of significant interest to industrial plant personnel. This article provides an overview of the current arc-flash standards, focusing on the methods used to calculate incident energy levels in a system. A thorough sensitivity analysis of the arc-flash hazard incident energy calculations currently adopted by the IEEE 1584 standard leads to some possible conservative simplification of the equations. These simple equations could be used for a quick first-cut assessment of the incident energy levels present in a system. A case study using data from a typical petrochemical application provides a comparison of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70E and IEEE 1584 arc-flash incident energy equations and the results obtained using the proposed simplified calculations.     

Cuticular Hydrocarbons and Soldier Defense Secretions of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Reticulitermes</Emphasis> in Southern California: A Critical Analysis of the Taxonomy of the Genus in North America

Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) and soldier defense secretions (SDS) were characterized for collections of Reticulitermes from six counties (Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, and Santa Barbara) in southern California. Collection sites included the type locality for R. hesperus, Lake Arrowhead (formerly known as Little Bear Lake) in the San Bernardino Mountains. In southern California, there are two CHC phenotypes, SC-A and SC-B, which are easily distinguished by the presence or absence of 5-methyl pentacosane, 5-methyl heptacosane, 5,17-dimethyl pentacosane, and 5,17-dimethyl heptacosane. These phenotypes are similar, but not identical, to previously designated phenotypes of Reticulitermes from northern California. The SDS of termites collected from southern California were characterized; (—)-germacrene A was abundant in all but the four samples from Lake Arrowhead. Soldiers of phenotype SC-A produced >79% germacrene A. The four samples from Lake Arrowhead produced no germacrene A, but contained >78% γ-cadinene. The SDS from the Lake Arrowhead samples were more similar to those of CA-A/CA-A′ from northern California than to any of the CHC phenotypes from southern California. Soldiers of CHC phenotype SC-B produced germacrene A, with the proportion varying from 16.2 to 98.7%. The SDS of SC-B were more similar to those of SC-A than to any of the phenotypes from northern California. The CHC phenotype SC-A found in southern California likely represents R. hesperus and SC-B appears to be a new, as yet undescribed species. We discuss the state of current taxonomic research on Reticulitermes.

The importance of peripheral sequences in determining the metal selectivity of an in vitro-selected Co(2+) -dependent DNAzyme

DNAzymes are catalytically active DNA molecules that use metal cofactors for their enzymatic functions. While a growing number of DNAzymes with diverse functions and metal selectivities have been reported, the relationships between metal ion selectivity, conserved sequences and structures responsible for selectivity remain to be elucidated. To address this issue, we report biochemical assays of a family of previously reported in vitro selected DNAzymes. This family includes the clone 11 DNAzyme, which was isolated by positive and negative selection, and the clone 18 DNAzyme, which was isolated by positive selection alone. The clone 11 DNAzyme has a higher selectivity for Co(2+) over Pb(2+) compared with clone 18. The reasons for this difference are explored here through phylogenetic comparison, mutational analysis and stepwise truncation. A novel DNAzyme truncation method incorporated a nick in the middle of the DNAzyme to allow for truncation close to the nicked site while preserving peripheral sequences at both ends of the DNAzyme. The results demonstrate that peripheral sequences within the substrate binding arms, most notably the stem loop, loop II, are sufficient to restore its selectivity for Co(2+) over Pb(2+) to levels observed in clone 11. A comparison of these sequences' secondary structures and Co(2+) selectivities suggested that metastable structures affect metal ion selectivity. The Co(2+) selectivity of the clone 11 DNAzyme showed that the metal ion binding and selectivities of small, in vitro selected DNAzymes may be more complex than previously appreciated, and that clone 11 may be more similar to larger ribozymes than to other small DNAzymes in its structural complexity and behavior. These factors should be taken into account when metal-ion selectivity is required in rationally designed DNAzymes and DNAzyme-based biosensors.     

带式运输机输送带跑偏原因与控制方法

分析输送带跑偏的原因并从设计、制造、安装、使用和维护保养等方面提出了跑偏的控制方法。