Reactive dyeing of cationized cotton: Effects on the dyeing yield and the fastness properties

The cationization of cotton fibers is emerging as an effective tool for solving the environmental problems associated with the dyeing of cotton fabrics with anionic dyes. In this study, the dyeing performance of cationizing agents (Rucomor Bur, Kemifix REA, Optifix F, and Optifix RSL) were examined, and we found that this method had better results compared with normal or existing methods of reactive dyeing. The dye‐bath exhaustion and fixation were determined by the help of an ultraviolet–visible absorbance spectrophotometer on the basis of the maximum absorbance wavelength. Better fixation values were found with the cationizing process than with salty dyeing. The washing and rubbing fastness results were as the same as those of traditional dyeing. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

The effects of cast industry waste of scale instead of cement on the mechanical and microstructural properties

The scale is a waste coming from the metal casting industry. It is an iron oxide layer formed as a result of oxidation after annealing on steel surfaces. Casting wastes, which have been left uncontrolled for many years, have caused considerable environmental damage. In the present paper, the mechanical properties and microstructural characterization of cement mortars, prepared by using scale coming from Turkey steel manufacturer were experimentally investigated. The steel scale was used as a partial replacement of cement. Recycling of solid waste scale is considered as an environmental-friendly alternative to solve the problem of disposing of wastes. Cement mortar admixtures were prepared by variable percentages of scale from 2% to 10%. The effect of scale on the strength of cement mortar was analyzed. The compressive strength values of all the specimens were recorded for 3, 7, and 28 days and the results showed that when the amount of scale replacement was increased, the strength increased slightly. However, cement mortar containing 4% wt. additive has shown the highest strength value at 3 and 28 days. As a result an optimum additive amount of scale in the cement mortar is found as 4% wt. Microstructural observation of the samples using SEM showed that scale particles were well embedded in the c matrix.