Average bit error probability performance of intelligent reflecting surface-aided wireless communications over Hoyt fading

In this article, the performance of a wireless communication system with an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) panel installed between the transmitter and receiver is studied. The channel is considered to be the Hoyt faded and additive white Gaussian noise. Closed-form expressions for average bit error probability (ABEP) for both coherent Gray-coded rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation and non-coherent modulation schemes are presented. We apply the moment-generating function-based method for the derivation. In addition, asymptotic ABEP expressions are also obtained. Using asymptotic ABEP expressions, we obtained diversity order which is a function of the number of IRS elements. The effect of the number of IRS elements and fading parameters on the ABEP is studied. The ABEP performance improves with an increase in the number of reflecting elements but degrades with an increase in the fading severity. The accuracy of each analytical ABEP expression is verified by the simulation of the system considered herewith.     

22 nm LDD FinFET Based Novel Mixed Signal Application: Design and Investigation

Silicon - In this paper, a sigma- delta (Ʃ Δ) analog to digital converter (ADC) has been designed and circuit performance metrics have been investigated using 22 nm silicon on insulator...     

Outage probability analysis of multiple intelligent reflecting surface-assisted single-input single-output system with switched diversity

In this paper, we have presented the outage probability analysis of multiple intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted single-input-single-output (SISO) system with switched diversity schemes. The switched diversity is simpler than the selection combining diversity technique, which can help in reducing the channel estimation overhead. There are two main types of switch diversity schemes, namely, switch and stay combining (SSC) and switch and examine combining (SEC). We consider a SISO wireless scenario in which a single transmitting antenna is sending its message to the receiving antenna with the aid of multiple IRS panels. This communication scenario will arise as a typical application of uplink scenario for future 6G wireless systems. The outage probability (OP) expressions for dual-IRS-panel-aided SSC system and multiple-IRS-panel-aided SEC system are analyzed, respectively, over Rician fading channels. We derive tight approximate OP expressions in closed form for a large number of IRS elements. Further, we derive a simple asymptotic OP for studying diversity order and coding gain. The OP performance with respect to each system parameter is thoroughly explored. Several numerical OP results are presented with corresponding simulated OP results to validate the accuracy of the presented analytical analysis.     

Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance of Rare-Earth-Free n-Type Oxide Perovskite Composite with Graphene Analogous 2D MXene

Here, the first experimental demonstration on the effect of incorporating new generation 2D material, MXene, on the thermoelectric performance of rare-earth-free oxide perovskite is reported. The charge localization phenomenon is predominant in the electron transport of doped SrTiO₃ perovskites, which deters from achieving a higher thermoelectric power factor in these oxides. In this work, it is shown that incorporating Ti₃C₂T_x MXene in a matrix of SrTi_0.85Nb_0.15O₃ (STN) facilitates the delocalization of electrons resulting in better than single-crystal-like electron mobility in polycrystalline composites. A 1851% increase in electrical conductivity and a 1000% enhancement in power factor are attained. Besides, anharmonicity caused by MXene in the STN matrix has led to enhanced Umklapp scattering giving rise to lower lattice thermal conductivity. Hence, 700% ZT enhancement is achieved in this composite. Further, a prototype of thermoelectric generator (TEG) using only n-type STN + MXene is fabricated and a power output of 38 mW is obtained, which is higher than the reported values for oxide TEG.     

Strategies for Interference of Insulin Fibrillogenesis: Challenges and Advances

The discovery of insulin came with very high hopes for diabetic patients. In 2021, the world celebrated the 100th anniversary of the discovery of this vital hormone. However, external use of insulin is highly affected by its aggregating tendency that occurs during its manufacturing, transportation, and improper handling which ultimately leads to its pharmaceutically and biologically ineffective form. In this review, we aim to discuss the various approaches used for decelerating insulin aggregation which results in the enhancement of its overall structural stability and usage. The approaches that are discussed are broadly classified as either a measure through excipient additions or by intrinsic modifications in the insulin native structure.     

Hierarchical 3D Flower-like Metal Oxides Micro/Nanostructures: Fabrication,Surface Modification,Their Crucial Role in Environmental Decontamination,Mechanistic Insights,and Future Perspectives

Hierarchical micro/nanostructures are constructed by micro-scaled objects with nanoarchitectures belonging to an interesting class of crystalline materials that has significant applications in diverse fields. Featured with a large surface-to-volume ratio, facile mass transportation, high stability against aggregation, structurally enhanced adsorption, and catalytical performances, three dimenisional (3D) hierarchical metal oxides have been considered as versatile functional materials for waste-water treatment. Due to the ineffectiveness of traditional water purification protocols for reclamation of water, lately, the use of hierarchical metal oxides has emerged as an appealing platform for the remediation of water pollution owing to their fascinating and tailorable physiochemical properties. The present review highlights various approaches to the tunable synthesis of hierarchical structures along with their surface modification strategies to enhance their efficiencies for the removal of different noxious substances. Besides, their applications for the eradication of organic and inorganic contaminants have been discussed comprehensively with their plausible mechanistic pathways. Finally, overlooked aspects in this field as well as the major roadblocks to the implementation of these metal oxide architectures for large-scale treatment of wastewater are provided here. Moreover, the potential ways to tackle these issues are also presented which may be useful for the transformation of current water treatment technologies.