SOLAR ABSORPTIVITY OF PEELED CASSAVA ROOT, YAM TUBER AND UNRIPE PLANTAIN FRUIT

Absorptivity is a property which governs the quantity of solar radiation absorbed by materials undergoing sun drying. A laboratory spectrophotometer was used to measure the spectral absorptivity of peeled cassava root, yam tuber, and unripe plantain fruit for wavelengths in the range 0.4–2.4 μm; 88% of solar radiation reaching the earth lies in this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The total (i.e., integral) absorptivity calculated from the measured spectral absorptivity was 0.32 for fresh cassava which had a wet basis moisture content (M.C.) of 65%, 0.26 for fresh plantain (M.C. =61%) and 0.53 for fresh yam (M.C.=68%). Corresponding values for dried crops were 0.23 for cassava (M.C.=5%), 0.58 for plantain (M.C.=20%) and 0.77 for yam (M.C.=9%). Application of absorptivity data in evaluating heat transfer during sun drying of crops was discussed.     

Effect of Marination upon Mineral Content and Tenderness of Beef

This study compared marinated and nonmarinated beef to determine differences in semimembranosus muscle tenderness and selected mineral content. The minerals analyzed were iron, zinc, magnesium and sodium. Marination resulted in a significantly more tender muscle, as determined by shear values and trained panel evaluations. Mineral content was significantly affected by marination with substantial losses of iron, zinc, and magnesium and increased sodium. Marination would be a feasible method of enhancing tenderness of more economical cuts of beef; however, the subsequent loss and/or gain of minerals should be considered.     

Dry kiln scheduling in furniture production

In this paper, a dry kiln scheduling problem from the furniture manufacturing industry is considered. Factory-specified due dates for orders, kiln availability, kiln capacity, and travel time from the kilns to the factories are all incorporated in a model which is formulated as an integer linear program. The objective of the formulation is to minimize the maximum tardiness of orders arriving at the plants by solving a special case of scheduling n independent jobs on m non-identical parallel ciachines. Because of the computational complexity, and the fact that standard integer programming packages appear to perform very poorly on the problem, a heuristic approach is developed. Computational experience is provided which indicates that the heuristic gives very high quality solutions to problems in near real-time.     

INTERFEROMETRIC STUDIES OF INTERFACIAL MASS TRANSFER IN A LIQUID-LIQUID SYSTEM

Interfacial concentrations were found using a specially designed interferometer and a flowing junction cell. The relationship between refractive index and concentration was established by means of a new refractometer. Both optical instruments had a sensitivity of 1 × 10^?1.

Fringe patterns yielded concentration profiles and total solute transfer at any time. For the system water/acetic acid/carbon tetrachloride equilibrium was never reached at the interface at any solution strength. This indicates the presence of an interfacial resistance. In some cases density driven disturbances were initiated at the surface causing mixing effects.

Interfacial resistance to mass transfer was shown to exist. This resistance was evaluated for different initial concentrations of solution and is time dependent. An empirical relationship is proposed for predicting the value of the interfacial resistance at any exposure time.     

ELECTROGENERATIVE OXIDATION OF ETHANOL TO ACETALDEHYDE

Ethanol enriched vapor streams from twenty-five volume percent ethanol-water mixtures can be selectively oxidized with porous platinum electrodes and sulfuric acid electrolyte in the elec-trogeneratice mode to give acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde yield from ethanol depends on potential and feed rate of ethanol vapor in the carrier gas stream. Control of conversions of ethanol to acetaldehyde in the range of 3 to more than 60 percent in a single stage is demonstrated. It is shown that at moderate flow rates for selective conversion there is a preferred potential range at which to operate the electrogenerative reactor.     

"The Outside Is the Result of an Inside": Some Sources of One of Modernism's Most Persistent Doctrines

One of the most pervasive doctrines of composition for modernism was the necessary correspondence between the interior and the exterior as expressed in Le Corbusier's maxim, "The outside is the result of an inside." Many Modern movement architects interpreted this maxim as requiring that both "space" and "program" be expressed on the exterior of their buildings. Although Modern movement architects and theorists themselves wrote little on this subject, a number of earlier writings, including some nineteenth- and twentieth-century books by traditionalists, reveal the academic roots of these precepts. This paper traces the development of these ideas.