全文获取类型
收费全文 | 112915篇 |
免费 | 2370篇 |
国内免费 | 515篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 1149篇 |
综合类 | 2544篇 |
化学工业 | 16777篇 |
金属工艺 | 5400篇 |
机械仪表 | 3672篇 |
建筑科学 | 3188篇 |
矿业工程 | 659篇 |
能源动力 | 2089篇 |
轻工业 | 7868篇 |
水利工程 | 1492篇 |
石油天然气 | 506篇 |
武器工业 | 6篇 |
无线电 | 11497篇 |
一般工业技术 | 20427篇 |
冶金工业 | 9152篇 |
原子能技术 | 491篇 |
自动化技术 | 28883篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 162篇 |
2022年 | 470篇 |
2021年 | 912篇 |
2020年 | 604篇 |
2019年 | 693篇 |
2018年 | 15035篇 |
2017年 | 14042篇 |
2016年 | 10634篇 |
2015年 | 1204篇 |
2014年 | 1195篇 |
2013年 | 1772篇 |
2012年 | 4477篇 |
2011年 | 11023篇 |
2010年 | 9423篇 |
2009年 | 6782篇 |
2008年 | 7877篇 |
2007年 | 8726篇 |
2006年 | 970篇 |
2005年 | 2084篇 |
2004年 | 2071篇 |
2003年 | 2002篇 |
2002年 | 1350篇 |
2001年 | 814篇 |
2000年 | 748篇 |
1999年 | 598篇 |
1998年 | 2129篇 |
1997年 | 1386篇 |
1996年 | 1001篇 |
1995年 | 636篇 |
1994年 | 515篇 |
1993年 | 563篇 |
1992年 | 244篇 |
1991年 | 309篇 |
1990年 | 235篇 |
1989年 | 201篇 |
1988年 | 224篇 |
1987年 | 167篇 |
1986年 | 180篇 |
1985年 | 188篇 |
1984年 | 133篇 |
1983年 | 101篇 |
1982年 | 124篇 |
1981年 | 123篇 |
1980年 | 118篇 |
1979年 | 91篇 |
1978年 | 76篇 |
1977年 | 142篇 |
1976年 | 226篇 |
1975年 | 83篇 |
1954年 | 70篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
991.
A study of modified carbon paste electrode employing Nile blue (NB) adsorbed on silica gel modified with niobium oxide (SN) for electrocatalytic oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is described. The adsorbed organic dye on SN was used to prepare a modified carbon paste electrode to investigate its electrochemical properties. The formal potential (E°′) of the adsorbed NB (−230 mV vs. saturated calomel electrode, SCE) showed a shift of 70 mV towards a more positive potential value, compared to NB dissolved in aqueous solution. In solutions with pH between 6.0 and 8.0 did stability and E°′ remained almost constant. However, for a solution pH lower than 6.0 the E°′ was affected by the acidity of the contacting solution, shifting the E°′ towards more positive values. For the solution pHs between 6.0 and 8.0 the electrocatalytic activity remained almost constant. A linear response range for NADH between 1.0×10−5 and 5.2×10−4 mol l−1, at pH 7.0, was observed for the electrode, with an applied potential of −200 mV versus SCE. The formation of an intermediate charge transfer (CT) complex was proposed to the CT reaction between NADH and adsorbed NB. The heterogeneous electron transfer rate, kobs, was 1400 M−1 s−1 and the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, was 0.21 mM at pH 7.0 evaluated from rotating disk electrode (RDE) experiments with an electrode coverage of about 5.2×10−9 mol cm−2. The increase in the reaction rate between NADH and the immobilized NB compared to those obtained with dissolved NB was assigned to the shift of the E°′ towards more positive values. 相似文献
992.
Boon-Seang Chu Sosaku Ichikawa Sumiyo Kanafusa Mitsutoshi Nakajima 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2007,84(11):1053-1062
This work was initiated to prepare protein-stabilized β-carotene nanodispersions using emulsification–evaporation. A pre-mix
of the aqueous phase composed of a protein and hexane containing β-carotene was subjected to high-pressure homogenization
using a microfluidizer. Hexane in the resulting emulsion was evaporated under reduced pressures, causing crystallization and
precipitation of β-carotene inside the droplets and formation of β-carotene nanoparticles. Sodium caseinate (SC) was the most
effective emulsifier among selected proteins in preparing the nanodispersion, with a monomodal β-carotene particle-size distribution
and a 17-nm mean particle size. The results were confirmed by transmission-electron microscopy analysis. SC-stabilized nanodispersion
also had considerably high ζ-potential (−27 mV at pH 7), suggesting that the nanodispersion was stable against particle aggregation.
Increasing the SC concentration decreased the mean particle size and improved the polydispersity of the nanodispersions. Nanodispersions
prepared with higher β-carotene concentrations and higher organic-phase ratios resulted in larger β-carotene particles. Although
increased microfluidization pressure did not decrease particle size, it did improve the polydispersity of the nanodispersions.
Repeating the microfluidization process at 140 MPa caused the nanodispersions to become polydisperse, indicating the loss
of emulsifying capacity of SC due to protein denaturation. 相似文献
993.
del del Valle M. A. Ugalde L. Díaz F. R. Bodini M. E. Bernède J. C. Chaillou A. 《Polymer Bulletin》2003,51(1):55-62
Summary The influence of electrolyte and monomer concentration on
properties and morphology of electrochemically obtained
polyselenophene films doped and undoped with hexafluorophosphate
and tetrafluoroborate anions was analyzed. The films were
deposited on SnO2-coated glass in a
classical three-electrode cell from the monomer and the
electrolyte in anhydrous acetonitrile.The electrochemical growth of polyselenophene thin films
was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron
probe microanalysis (EPMA), and scanning electron microscopy
(SEM). The morphology study revealed different three-
dimensional (3D) and bidimensional (2D) growth, depending on
monomer and electrolyte concentration. 相似文献
994.
The series of nylon 612 copolymers was synthesized from caprolactam (C) and laurolactam (L) at 145°C. The 50/50 C/L molar ratio copolymer was found to have the minimum melting temperature (Tm ) for the series. The glass transition temperatures (Tg 's) of the copolymers were affected by the crystallinity of the copolymers. The Tg was at a minimum for the 50/50 copolymer for crystalline samples. However, for amorphous samples there was a decrease in Tg with increasing L content. Percent crystallinity was determined by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray techniques. It was found that the degree of crystallinity was at a minimum for copolymers of 70/30 to 40/60 C/L ratios. Coefficients of linear thermal expansion (CLTE) were obtained for the copolymers at 10°C intervals from 20 to 70°C for dry and from 20 to 50°C for samples conditioned at 50% relative humidity and 50°C. The dry samples gave lower initial values, but had a greater temperature dependence than the conditioned samples. As expected, the CLTE was found to be lowest for samples exhibiting the highest crystallinity. The tensile strengths and moduli decreased rapidly with increasing L up to the 70/30 C/L ratio after which they remained relatively constant. Elongations reached maximums between 70/30 and 40/60 C/L ratios. An inverse relationship was found between crystallinity and impact strength. 相似文献
995.
The objective of this work is to study the transfer of oxygen from gas to liquid phase in an electroflotation cell. The measurements
were performed in a laboratory scale cell using insoluble electrodes, titanium coated with ruthenium oxide as anode and stainless
steel as cathode. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient K
L
a, was characterized for clean tap water as liquid phase for different values of current density (J). The global coefficient
of mass transfer based on the liquid film, K
L
, and the specific interfacial area, a, were characterized. A model which relates K
L
a to current density was established. Different evaluation criteria of oxygen transfer in electroflotation process were determined
and compared with other aeration process. 相似文献
996.
Janaina Braga do?CarmoEmail author Christopher?Neill Diana?C.?Garcia-Montiel Marisa?de Cássia Piccolo Carlos?C.?Cerri Paul?A.?Steudler Cristiano Alberto?de Andrade Caio?C.?Passianoto Brigitte?J.?Feigl Jerry?M.?Melillo 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2005,71(3):213-225
The clearing of tropical rain forest in the Amazon basin has created large areas of cattle pasture that are now declining in productivity. Practices adopted by ranchers to restore productivity to degraded pastures have the potential to alter soil N availability and gaseous N losses from soils. We examined how soil inorganic N pools, net N mineralization and net nitrification rates, nitrification potential and NO and N2O emissions from soils of a degraded pasture responded to the following restoration treatments: (1) soil tillage followed by replanting of grass and fertilization, (2) no-till application of non-selective herbicide, planting of rice, harvest followed by no-till replanting of grass and fertilization, and (3) the same no-till sequence with soybeans instead of rice. Tillage increased soil NH4+ and NO3? pools but NH4+ and NO3? pools remained relatively constant in the control and no-till treatments. Cumulative rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification during the first 6 months after treatment varied widely but were hightest in the tilled treatment. Emissions of NO and N2O fluxes increased with tillage and with N fertilization. There were no clear relationships among rates of N fertilizer application, net N mineralization, net nitrification, NO, N2O and total N oxide emissions. Our results indicate that pasture restoration sequences involving tilling and fertilizing will increase emissions of N oxides, but the magnitude of the increase is likely to differ based on timing of fertilizer application relative to the presence of plants and the magnitude of plant N demand. Emissions of N oxides appear to be decreased by the use of restoration sequences that minimize reductions in pasture grass cover. 相似文献
997.
M A Rossi S Zucoloto J E Dutra de Oliveira P F Becker J S Oliveira 《Archivos latinoamericanos de nutrición》1978,28(1):29-40
A study of the effect of long-term alcohol consumption on the liver of well-nourished rats is described. Rats fed for 16 weeks on a semipurified diet supplemented with high levels of vitamins and lipotropic factors and alcohol corresponding to 35% of the total caloric intake developed marked fatty changes of the liver. Mild fatty changes were observed in pair-fed controls receiving as isoenergetic equivalent of sucrose instead of alcohol. Intracellular hyaline bodies, corresponding ultrastructurally to giant mitochondria were abundantly found in the hepatocytes of alcoholic rats, while in the controls they were not seen. Te findings in this investigation are postulated to provide further evidence that the long-term intake of alcohol exerts a direct causative role in the pathogenesis of liver damage. 相似文献
998.
Jose Gerde Connie Hardy Walter Fehr Pamela J. White 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2007,84(6):557-563
Two extruded-expelled physically refined soybean oils with reduced contents of linolenic acid, ultra-low- linolenic acid (ULL,
1.5%) and low-linolenic acid (LL, 2.6%), and a extruded-expelled physically refined control oil (control, 5.3% linolenic acid)
were evaluated by frying French fries in a commercial-like setting for 6 h day−1 during 23 days. The oils became darker, increased in yellow color at the beginning, and became redder and less green throughout
the process. Free fatty acids levels were not different among the oils until day 14, after which, ULL was different from the
control for the remainder of frying. The conjugated dienoic acid values were greatest in the control. Generally, ULL and LL
oils had lower percentages of polar compounds than did the control, providing a frying life 2 days longer than the control
and ~30% increase in frying time. A trained sensory panel evaluated the French fries on days 2, 5, and 6. Buttery and potato
flavors decreased, and rancid and painty flavors increased over frying time for all products. Rancid flavor was highest in
the fries from the control oil. Overall, the ULL and LL oils performed better than did the control oil and ULL tended to perform
better than the LL. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Raúl Quijada Juan Luis Guevara Mehrdad Yazdani-Pedram Griselda B. Galland Daniel Ribeiro 《Polymer Bulletin》2002,49(4):273-280
Summary
1-Octadecene (C18) was polymerized by using different metallocene catalysts. The rac-Et(Ind)2ZrC12/MAO (I) and rac-Me2Si(Ind)2ZrC12/MAO (III) presented the highest activity as compared with ra-Et(2-Me-Ind)2ZrCl2/MAO (II) and Ph2C(Flu)(Cp)ZrC12/MAO (IV) catalysts. Catalyst IV produced polymers with highest molecular weights. The microstructure of the polymers was
determined by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Catalyst systems I, II and III produced isotactic polymers while catalyst IV produced polymers with mainly
syndiotactic structures but with large amount of stereoregular error.
Received: 21 June 2002/Revised version: 4 November 2002/ Accepted: 4 November 2002 相似文献