Predicting and determining the bending stiffness of thin films and laminates

Three different techniques for experimentally determining the bending stiffness of flexible films and laminates have been evaluated using a number of different packaging materials. The results showed that a cantilever test was the best, giving reliable data for all kinds of films and laminates. A three‐point bending test proved to be sensitive to misalignment, whereas a bending‐under‐own‐weight test was incapable of handling curled samples and generally gave lower stiffness values. A model for predicting the bending stiffness of multilayer laminates from the elastic modulus of the constituents was developed and used to examine the influence of layer position and composition on the overall bending stiffness. Model calculations showed that thin layers, such as adhesives, print and barrier coatings, can have a large influence on the bending stiffness and that the influence often goes against what would be intuitively expected. The calculations also showed that layer modulus often is less important than layer thickness and that the position of the layer in the laminate can have a major influence on the overall stiffness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Productivity and parameters of screw-drive sinking machines

Institute of Coal, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Kemerovo. Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh, No. 6, pp. 37–42, November–December, 1989.     

A study of the microstructure of niobium-microalloyed pipe steel after different modes of controlled rolling with accelerated cooling

The phase composition and mechanical properties of rolled thick sheets from pipe steel 05G1MB produced by different modes of controlled rolling with accelerated cooling are studied. The effects of the temperature and deformation regime, of the final rolling temperature, and of the temperature of the start of accelerated cooling on the phase composition of the rolled sheets are considered. The temperature range in which intense reduction during rolling should be avoided in order to keep niobium in the solid solution of the γ-phase and to ensure subsequent segregation of fine niobium carbides in ferrite is determined.     

Design and Construction of Right Pole Figures for Textures Formed in the Phase Transformation in Iron

Metal Science and Heat Treatment -     

Optimization of the operational properties of tungstenless hard alloys

Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 11 (347), pp. 65–71, November, 1991.