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11.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of reaction pH condition and hardener type on the reactivity, chemical structure, and molecular mobility of urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins. Three different reaction pH conditions, such as alkaline (7.5), weak acid (4.5), and strong acid (1.0), were used to synthesize UF resins, which were cured by adding four different hardeners (ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium citrate, and zinc nitrate) to measure gel time as the reactivity. FTIR and 13C‐NMR spectroscopies were used to study the chemical structure of the resin prepared under three different reaction pH conditions. The gel time of UF resins decreased with an increase in the amount of ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium citrate added in the resins, whereas the gel time increased when zinc nitrate was added. Both FTIR and 13C‐NMR spectroscopies showed that the strong reaction pH condition produced uronic structures in UF resin, whereas both alkaline and weak‐acid conditions produced quite similar chemical species in the resins. The proton rotating‐frame spin–lattice relaxation time (T1ρH) decreased with a decrease in the reaction pH of UF resin. This result indicates that the molecular mobility of UF resin increases with a decrease in the reaction pH used during its synthesis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2677–2687, 2003 相似文献
12.
Continuous generation of hydrogel beads and encapsulation of biological materials using a microfluidic droplet-merging channel 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this paper, we describe a method for encapsulation of biomaterials in hydrogel beads using a microfluidic droplet-merging
channel. We devised a double T-junction in a microfluidic channel for alternate injection of aqueous fluids inside a droplet
unit carried within immiscible oil. With this device, hydrogel beads with diameter <100 μm are produced, and various solutions
containing cells, proteins and reagents for gelation could merge with the gel droplets with high efficiency in the broad range
of flow rates. Mixing of reagents and reactions inside the hydrogel beads are continuously observed in a microchannel through
a microscope. By enabling serial injection of each liquid with the dispersed gel droplets after they are produced from the
oil-focusing channel, the device simplifies the sample preparation process, and gel-bead fabrication can be coupled with further
assay continuously in a single channel. Instantaneous reactions of enzyme inside hydrogel and in-situ formation of cell-containing
beads with high viability are demonstrated in this report. 相似文献
13.
An aerosol dynamics equation for the below-cloud scavenging process considering phoretic and electric charging effects in addition to the conventional mechanisms (the Brownian diffusion, interception, and impaction) is developed by using the moment method. Then, the dynamics of particle size distribution by the below-cloud scavenging process is calculated by using the developed equation and verified with the measurement data. The calculated particle size distribution changes are quite small compared to the measured changes. The calculated removal rate is smaller by 10?2–10?3 than the measured data when only the conventional mechanisms are considered. With the extended mechanisms, the scavenging coefficient increases upto 20 times, mainly for the particle size range of 0.1 μm<dp<3.0 μm. However, the difference between the calculated and measured scavenging coefficient is still large, especially, for dp<0.1 μm. Other possible scavenging mechanisms that might affect the below-cloud scavenging process such as coagulation and condensational growth of hygroscopic particles, turbulence, and updraft into cloud are discussed. It is recommended that further studies on wet scavenging process are needed. 相似文献
14.
15.
Joung Soo Kim Yong-Sun Yi Oh Chul Kwon Mi-Ae Kim Hong Pyo Kim 《Metals and Materials International》2008,14(3):341-346
Nickel-based iron-chromium alloys are used as steam generator (SG) tubing materials in nuclear power plants (NPPs) but experience
intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) and lead stress corrosion cracking (PbSCC) due to the harsh operating conditions
of NPPs. In order to improve the integrity of SGs, many studies have sought suitable inhibitors for IGSCC, while those for
PbSCC have been sought to a limited extent. In this study, the performance of nickel boride (NiB) as an inhibitor for PbSCC
was evaluated. Nickel boride has been shown to be a good inhibitor for IGSCC of Alloy (or Inconel) 600 in a caustic aqueous
solution containing no lead (Pb). No significant SCC was observed to occur in Alloy 600 tested in pure water under the slow
strain rate test (SSRT) condition in this study. A mixed mode of IGSCC and TGSCC, however, occurred relatively easily in Alloy
600 tested in pure water containing lead oxide (PbO) at 315 °C. The susceptibility of Alloy 600 to SCC decreased with the
addition of NiB, implying that NiB can be used as an inhibitor for PbSCC in Pb-contaminated water. 相似文献
16.
Min Jung Kang Youn Hee Kim Gun Pyo Park Mi Sun Han Woo Nyon Kim Sang Do Park 《Journal of Materials Science》2010,45(19):5412-5419
The effects of liquid-type nucleating silane additives on the cell structure, mechanical strength, and thermal insulating
properties of the polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams have been studied. The PIR foams synthesized with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS)
as a silane additive showed the smaller average cell size and lower thermal conductivity than those of the PIR foams prepared
with the hexamethyldisiloxane, dimethoxydimethylsilane, and hexadecyltrimethoxysilane. When HMDS was added, average cell size
of the PIR foam was becoming smaller due to lower surface tension of the polyol solution, thereby the nucleation rate and
number of bubbles produced were increased and then the cell size becomes smaller. The additives likely act as nucleating agents
during the formation of PIR foams. The smaller cell size appears to be one of the major reasons for the improvement of thermal
insulation properties and mechanical properties of the PIR foams. From the results of cell size, thermal conductivity, and
mechanical strength of the PIR foams, it is suggested that the HMDS may be the efficient liquid-type additive for the reduction
of cell size and improvement of the thermal insulation property of the PIR foams. 相似文献
17.
Chang Hoon Kim Chun Pyo Hong Soonhak Kwon 《Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, IEEE Transactions on》2005,13(4):476-483
In this paper, an efficient digit-serial systolic array is proposed for multiplication in finite field GF(2/sup m/) using the standard basis representation. From the least significant bit first multiplication algorithm, we obtain a new dependence graph and design an efficient digit-serial systolic multiplier. If input data come in continuously, the proposed array can produce multiplication results at a rate of one every /spl lceil/m/L/spl rceil/ clock cycles, where L is the selected digit size. Analysis shows that the computational delay time of the proposed architecture is significantly less than the previously proposed digit-serial systolic multiplier. Furthermore, since the new architecture has the features of regularity, modularity, and unidirectional data flow, it is well suited to VLSI implementation. 相似文献
18.
Eunhye Choi Hye-Eun Jo Kee Hyuk Sohn Tae-Young Kang Bumsik Kim Kang Pyo Lee Jung Sook Han Suyong Lee Sanghoon Ko 《Food science and biotechnology》2016,25(4):1053-1058
The effects of steaming time (6, 8, and 10 min), freezing storage period, and re-steaming for thawing on the textural properties of non-glutinous rice cakes (baekseolgi) were investigated. As the steaming time increased, the rice cakes softened. In particular, the sample that was steamed for 10 min showed lower hardness than those steamed for shorter periods. A short period of steaming was insufficient for water bound to the surface of the starch granules to penetrate the granules in the dough. During the re-steaming process of the frozen non-glutinous rice cake samples, the retrogradation of starch and water syneresis contributed to the increased hardness of non-glutinous rice cakes. 相似文献
19.
Shinobu Yoshimura Genki Yagawa Chang-Ryul Pyo Koichi Kashima Takashi Shimakawa Shigeru Takamatsu 《International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping》1995,63(3):293-302
This paper describes some simplified stable crack growth analyses of two kinds of inhomogeneous CT specimens. The one is machined from a submerged are welded plate of a nuclear pressure vessel A533B Class 1 steel, while the other is machined from an electron-beam welded plate of the A533B Class 1 steel and a high strength HT80 steel. In both specimens, initial cracks are placed to be normal to the fusion line. The ratio of yield stresses of the weld metal and the base metal of the A533B Class 1 steel is about 1·15, while that of the HT80 and the A533B Class 1 steels is about 1·4.
The generation phase crack growth analyses using the GE/EPRI and the reference stress methods are performed, calculating an applied load (P) and the J-value, while the application phase analyses of analyses using the R6 method are performed to calculate the maximum value of the applied load (Pmax). Finally, some modification procedures of the three simplified estimation schemes are discussed in order to apply them to inhomogeneous material regimes. 相似文献
20.
Measurements of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) were performed at the entrance and exit of the Sangdo tunnel to estimate emission
factors (EF) of NMHC from vehicles in May 2000. About 50 species were analyzed by a combined GC/FID and GC/MS system. Ethylene
was the most abundant compound, followed by n-butane and acetylene, respectively. Based on the measurement data, the real
world vehicular EF in Seoul was estimated. The highest EF value was 89.8 mg (veh-mile)-1 for n-butane, followed by ethylene and toluene. 相似文献