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21.
The modernist idea of monumentality derived its inspiration from the imagery of late-nineteenth century industrial structures. In the 1960s, this monumentality and modernist 'total design' was criticised by Robert Venturi and Denise Scott-Brown who proposed the 'ugly and ordinary' architecture and 'vital mess' of commercial populism instead. On the background of these two approaches, I will read the art works of Gordon-Matta Clark, Robert Smithson and Bernd and Hilla Bechers as giving voice to all that is forgotten, excluded or unacknowledged in architecture. The importance of these artists lies in their exploration of negativity in architecture. Their art works stage the contras, first, between the inevitable continuity of architecture as a process and its discontinuity when it is reduced to a set of objects, as well as the contrast, secondly, between the continuity of urban and architectural space and its discontinuity when our perceptions reduce it to its monumental and important parts. Negativity stands for the time 'before' and 'after' of what is commonly understood as an architecture, as well as for the 'invisible' materiality parts of urban space and buildings that are usually ignored. Today, it is in obsolete industrial architecture that negativity finds its purest expression: in the words of Walter Benjamin, the Modernists' imaginary monuments are recognised as ruins even before they have physically crumbled.  相似文献   
22.
Abstract

The influence of branching asymmetry and electrode offset on the switching characteristics and cross-talk of X-type switches is analysed theoretically. The relationship between the switch symmetry (i.e. the existence of a plane or centre of inversion) and the switching characteristics is found. Cross-talk levels of slightly asymmetric Ti:LiNbO3 switches are calculated.  相似文献   
23.
A widely persisting interpretation of Occam’s razor is that given two classifiers with the same training error, the simpler classifier is more likely to generalize better. Within a long-lasting debate in the machine learning community over Occam’s razor, Domingos (Data Min. Knowl. Discov. 3:409–425, 1999) rejects this interpretation and proposes that model complexity is only a confounding factor usually correlated with the number of models from which the learner selects. It is thus hypothesized that the risk of overfitting (poor generalization) follows only from the number of model tests rather than the complexity of the selected model. We test this hypothesis on 30 UCI data sets using polynomial classification models. The results confirm Domingos’ hypothesis on the 0.05 significance level and thus refutes the above interpretation of Occam’s razor. Our experiments however also illustrate that decoupling the two factors (model complexity and number of model tests) is problematic.  相似文献   
24.
REIr2Si2 (RE = La, Ce, Pr and Nd) were found to be polymorphic compounds which can crystallize in two different tetragonal types of crystallographic structures (β-phase: CaBe2Ge2-type; α-phase: ThCr2Si2-type). Here we study the structural phase transitions (α- to β- and β- to α-) using thermal expansion, differential thermal analysis and neutron diffraction. Both phase transitions occur at temperatures lower than 1300 °C, have a hysteresis up to 300 °C, do not show any intermediate steps and are accompanied with the absorption/release of the latent heat. We conclude that these structural phase transitions are of the first order.  相似文献   
25.
26.
Highly sensitive label-free techniques of DNA determination are particularly interesting in relation to the present development of the DNA sensors. We show that subnanomolar concentrations (related to monomer content) of unlabeled DNA can be determined using copper solid amalgam electrodes or hanging mercury drop electrodes in the presence of copper. DNA is first treated with acid (e.g., 0.5 M perchloric acid), and the acid-released purine bases are directly determined by the cathodic stripping voltammetry. Volumes of 5-3 microL of acid-treated DNA can easily be analyzed, thus making possible the determination of picogram and subpicogram amounts of DNA corresponding to attomole and subattomole quantities of 1000-base pair DNA. Application of this determination in DNA hybridization detection is demonstrated using surface H for the hybridization (superparamagnetic beads with covalently attached DNA probe) and the mercury electrodes only for the determination of DNA selectively captured at surface H.  相似文献   
27.
The use of ephedrine-substituted quaternary ammonium binaphthyl salts as molecular receptors is demonstrated. The electrochemical oxidation of the receptor is affected by the binding of an analyte in solution. The binding site on the binaphthyl salt has been determined using computer modeling and confirmed using 1D and 2D NMR studies. It is shown that the sensitivity of the receptor is related to the size of the analyte. Axially chiral binaphthyl salts are shown to bind chiral analytes in a different manner and this is demonstrated using lactic and mandelic acid. The presence of a polar functional group on the analyte is also shown to have an effect on the guest-host interaction.  相似文献   
28.
An improvement in the clinical results obtained using total body irradiation (TBI) with photon beams requires precise TBI treatment planning, reproducible irradiation, precise in vivo dosimetry, accurate documentation and careful evaluation. In vivo dosimetry using LiF Harshaw TLD-100 chips was used during the TBI treatments performed in our department. The results of in vivo thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) show that using TLD measurements and interactive adjustment of some treatment parameters based on these measurements, like monitor unit calculations, lung shielding thickness and patient positioning, it is possible to achieve high precision in absorbed dose delivery (less than 0.5%) as well as in homogeneity of irradiation (less than 6%).  相似文献   
29.
Radiation fields on board aircraft contain particles with energies up to a few hundred MeV. Many instruments have been tested to characterise these fields. This paper presents the results of studies on the use of an Si diode spectrometer to characterise these fields. The spectrometer has been in use since spring 2000 on more than 130 return flights to monitor and characterise the on-board field. During a Czech Airlines flight from Prague to New York it was possible to register the effects of an intense solar flare, (ground level event, GLE 60), which occurred on 15 April 2001. It was found that the number of deposition events registered was increased by about 70% and the dose in Si by a factor of 2.0 when compared with the presence of galactic cosmic rays alone. Directly measured data are interpreted with respect to on-earth reference field calibration (photons, CERN high-energy particles): it was found that this approach leads to encouraging results and should be followed up.  相似文献   
30.
CdSe films prepared in vacuum by sublimation from the compound at oxygen partial pressures in the residual atmosphere from 2.8 × 10?5 to 3.2 × 10?4 Torr and at substrate temperatures of 295 and 523 K were subjected to X-ray structural analysis. The results obtained are analysed and discussed in terms of some structures different from those of CdSe, e.g. CdSeO3 and CdSeO3.SeO2.  相似文献   
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